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      Selected Medicines Used in Iontophoresis

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          Abstract

          Iontophoresis is a non-invasive method of systemic and local drug delivery using an electric field. Iontophoresis enables diffusion of the selected drug via skin, mucosa, enamel, dentin, and other tissues. The amount of delivered therapeutic molecules is about 10–2000 times greater than conventional forms of delivery. Among other fields, this method is used in dentistry, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, and dermatology. According to related literature, the most important drugs studied or administered by iontophoresis are: Local anesthetics, opioids, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibacterial drugs, antifungal drugs, antiviral drugs, anticancer drugs, fluorides, and vitamins. The present review covers current available data regarding the selected medicines used in iontophoresis. Furthermore, indications and conditions of iontophoresis application are reviewed.

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          Clinical experiences with systemically administered siRNA-based therapeutics in cancer.

          Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapies are emerging as a promising new anticancer approach, and a small number of Phase I clinical trials involving patients with solid tumours have now been completed. Encouraging results from these pioneering clinical studies show that these new therapeutics can successfully and safely inhibit targeted gene products in patients with cancer, and have taught us important lessons regarding appropriate dosages and schedules. In this Review, we critically assess these Phase I studies and discuss their implications for future clinical trial design. Key challenges and future directions in the development of siRNA-containing anticancer therapeutics are also considered.
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            Reported concepts for the treatment modalities and pain management of temporomandibular disorders

            Background Pain related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a common problem in modern societies. The aim of the article is to present the concepts of TMD pain clinical management. Methods A survey was performed using the PubMed, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases for documents published between 1994 and 2014. The following search keywords were selected using MeSH terms of the National Library of Medicine in combination: TMD pain, TMD, TMJ, TMJ disorders, occlusal splint, TMD physiotherapy, TMJ rheumatoid disorders and TMJ surgery. Original articles and review papers which presented the clinical relevance and practical validity regarding the possibility of application in TMD management have been included. Authors have excluded articles without outstanding practical aspect and evidence-based background. A first selection was carried out by reviewing titles and abstracts of all articles found according to the criteria. After that the full texts of potentially suitable articles were assessed. In line with these criteria, among 11467 results the writers have included 66 papers. Results The most commonly reported conservative treatments are massage therapy and individually fabricated occlusal splints. In addition to massage, other popular methods include manual therapy and taping, warming/cooling of aching joints, and light and laser therapy. Drugs are also commonly used. In the most severe cases of the temporomandibular joint degeneration, surgical restoration of the joint is sometimes applied. Conclusions The authors concluded that conservative treatment including counselling, exercises, occlusal splint therapy, massage, manual therapy and others should be considered as a first choice therapy for TMD pain because of their low risk of side effects. In the case of severe acute pain or chronic pain resulting from serious disorders, inflammation and/or degeneration pharmacotherapy, minimally invasive and invasive procedures should be considered.
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              Overcoming ocular drug delivery barriers through the use of physical forces

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                MDPI
                1999-4923
                25 October 2018
                December 2018
                : 10
                : 4
                : 204
                Affiliations
                Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland; tkarpin@ 123456ump.edu.pl or tkarpin@ 123456interia.pl ; Tel.: +48-61-854-61-38
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-9204
                Article
                pharmaceutics-10-00204
                10.3390/pharmaceutics10040204
                6320882
                30366360
                959720e3-0283-44b8-946d-3c7348b69385
                © 2018 by the author.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 19 September 2018
                : 24 October 2018
                Categories
                Review

                iontophoresis,drug delivery,dentistry,ophthalmology,local anaesthetics,non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs,antibiotics,anticancer drugs

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