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      Co-occurrence patterns of litter decomposing communities in mangroves indicate a robust community resistant to disturbances

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          Abstract

          Background

          Mangroves are important coastal ecosystems known for high photosynthetic productivity and the ability to support marine food chains through supply of dissolved carbon or particular organic matter. Most of the carbon found in mangroves is produced by its vegetation and is decomposed in root associated sediment. This process involves a tight interaction between microbial populations, litter chemical composition, and environmental parameters. Here, we study the complex interactions found during litter decomposition in mangroves by applying network analysis to metagenomic data.

          Methods

          Leaves of three species of mangrove trees typically found in the southeast of Brazil ( Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, and Avicennia schaueriana) were collected in separate litter bags and left on three different mangroves for 60 days. These leaves were subsequently used for metagenome sequencing using Ion Torrent technology. Sequences were annotated in MG-RAST and used for network construction using MENAp.

          Results

          The most common phyla were Proteobacteria (classes Gamma and Alphaproteobacteria) followed by Firmicutes (Clostridia and Bacilli). The most abundant protein clusters were associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins. Non-metric multidimensional scaling of the metagenomic data indicated that substrate (i.e., tree species) did not significantly select for a specific community. Both networks exhibited scale-free characteristics and small world structure due to the low mean shortest path length and high average clustering coefficient. These networks also had a low number of hub nodes most of which were module hubs.

          Discussion

          This study demonstrates that under different environmental pressures (i.e., plant species or mangrove location) the microbial community associated with the decaying material forms a robust and stable network.

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          Most cited references42

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          Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks

          Molecular networks guide the biochemistry of a living cell on multiple levels: its metabolic and signalling pathways are shaped by the network of interacting proteins, whose production, in turn, is controlled by the genetic regulatory network. To address topological properties of these two networks we quantify correlations between connectivities of interacting nodes and compare them to a null model of a network, in which al links were randomly rewired. We find that for both interaction and regulatory networks, links between highly connected proteins are systematically suppressed, while those between a highly-connected and low-connected pairs of proteins are favored. This effect decreases the likelihood of cross talk between different functional modules of the cell, and increases the overall robustness of a network by localizing effects of deleterious perturbations.
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            Ecological networks and their fragility.

            Darwin used the metaphor of a 'tangled bank' to describe the complex interactions between species. Those interactions are varied: they can be antagonistic ones involving predation, herbivory and parasitism, or mutualistic ones, such as those involving the pollination of flowers by insects. Moreover, the metaphor hints that the interactions may be complex to the point of being impossible to understand. All interactions can be visualized as ecological networks, in which species are linked together, either directly or indirectly through intermediate species. Ecological networks, although complex, have well defined patterns that both illuminate the ecological mechanisms underlying them and promise a better understanding of the relationship between complexity and ecological stability.
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              Carbon Cycling and Storage in Mangrove Forests

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                peerj
                peerj
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Francisco, USA )
                2167-8359
                4 October 2018
                2018
                : 6
                : e5710
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Soil Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
                [2 ]Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-EMBRAPA , Jaguariuna, SP, Brazil
                [3 ]Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research , Harpenden, United Kingdom
                Article
                5710
                10.7717/peerj.5710
                6174875
                95b116a9-d487-4679-99d1-92193b9cd9ca
                ©2018 Taketani et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 8 March 2018
                : 8 September 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FAPESP
                Award ID: 2013/03158-4
                Funded by: FAPESP Young Investigator Fellowship
                Award ID: 2013/23470-2
                This work was supported by FAPESP (2013/03158-4). Rodrigo G. Taketani received a FAPESP Young Investigator Fellowship (2013/23470-2). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Ecology
                Microbiology

                metagenome,network analysis,mangrove,litter decomposition

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