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      Reinforcement of Polylactic Acid for Fused Deposition Modeling Process with Nano Particles Treated Bamboo Powder

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          Abstract

          The focus of this report was to understand the tensile properties and dynamic mechanical properties of bamboo powder (BP) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite filaments which were treated with nano calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) using impregnation modification technology. The storage modulus ( E’) of nano CaCO 3-BP/PLA, MCC-BP/PLA, and CNF-BP/PLA composite filaments increased compared with BP/PLA composite filaments before the glass transition temperature T g. When the temperature was above T g, the reinforcement effect of nano CaCO 3, MCC, and CNF gradually became less apparent. The loss modulus ( E’’) and loss factor (tan δ max) of the nano CaCO 3-BP/PLA, MCC-BP/PLA, and CNF-BP/PLA composite filaments was higher than that of BP/PLA composite filaments produced by the “one-step” method. The tensile strength (TS) results showed a similar trend. Compared with the control samples, the TS of nano CaCO 3-BP/PLA, MCC-BP/PLA, and CNF-BP/PLA composite filaments produced by the “one-step” method (and the “two-step” method) increased by 40.33% (and 10.10%), 32.35% (and −8.61%), and 12.32% (and −12.85%), respectively. The TS of nano CaCO 3-BP/PLA, MCC-BP/PLA, and CNF-BP/PLA composite filaments produced by the “one-step” method was slightly higher than those produced by the “two-step” method. The elongation at break (EAB) of BP/PLA composite filaments was higher than that of BP/PLA samples treated with nano CaCO 3, MCC, or CNF. The PLA and modified BP were readily accessible through a simple mixing process. The rheological investigation of such mixtures showed that nano CaCO 3, CNF, and MCC have different effects on the processability and rheological properties of composites.

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          Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field.

          There are numerous examples where animals or plants synthesize extracellular high-performance skeletal biocomposites consisting of a matrix reinforced by fibrous biopolymers. Cellulose, the world's most abundant natural, renewable, biodegradable polymer, is a classical example of these reinforcing elements, which occur as whisker-like microfibrils that are biosynthesized and deposited in a continuous fashion. In many cases, this mode of biogenesis leads to crystalline microfibrils that are almost defect-free, with the consequence of axial physical properties approaching those of perfect crystals. This quite "primitive" polymer can be used to create high performance nanocomposites presenting outstanding properties. This reinforcing capability results from the intrinsic chemical nature of cellulose and from its hierarchical structure. Aqueous suspensions of cellulose crystallites can be prepared by acid hydrolysis of cellulose. The object of this treatment is to dissolve away regions of low lateral order so that the water-insoluble, highly crystalline residue may be converted into a stable suspension by subsequent vigorous mechanical shearing action. During the past decade, many works have been devoted to mimic biocomposites by blending cellulose whiskers from different sources with polymer matrixes.
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            A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance

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              Parametric appraisal of mechanical property of fused deposition modelling processed parts

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Polymers (Basel)
                Polymers (Basel)
                polymers
                Polymers
                MDPI
                2073-4360
                04 July 2019
                July 2019
                : 11
                : 7
                : 1146
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
                [2 ]International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
                [3 ]Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207-7102, USA
                [4 ]Zhejiang Forestry Research Institute, Hangzhou 310023, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: htcheng@ 123456icbr.ac.cn (H.C.); shuangbaozhang@ 123456163.com (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-010-8478-9830 (H.C.); +86-136-8159-3543 (S.Z.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-9569
                Article
                polymers-11-01146
                10.3390/polym11071146
                6681114
                31277428
                95f4c02e-294e-4bc2-bcd5-13f7a94fb6ca
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 09 May 2019
                : 26 June 2019
                Categories
                Article

                cellulose nanofibers (cnf),micro-crystalline cellulose (mcc),nano calcium carbonate (caco3),impregnation modification (im),bamboo powder (bp),fused deposition modeling (fdm)

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