12
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Diurnal variation of NMR based blood metabolites in calves fed a high plane of milk replacer: a pilot study

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          Blood profiles have been used to monitor herd health status, diagnose disorders, and predict the risk of diseases in cattle and calves. Characterizing plasma metabolites in dairy calves could provide further insight into daily metabolic variations and the mechanisms that lead to metabolic diseases. In addition, by understanding physiological ranges of plasma metabolites relative to meal and the time of feeding in healthy animals, veterinarians can accurately diagnose abnormalities with a blood test. For diagnostic purposes, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy shows promise as a new and reliable method to determine a large number of blood metabolites simultaneously.

          Results

          Results demonstrated that the concentration of specific metabolites in plasma (i.e., lysine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, glutamine, creatine, and 1-methylhistidine) fluctuated around meal times, while others (i.e., glutamic acid, methanol, formic acid, and acetic acid) maintained a stable temporal concentration. In addition to temporal changes in concentration, results also characterized differences for overall plasma metabolite concentrations; for example, methionine had the lowest (38 μM) while glutamine had the highest concentration (239 μM) amongst plasma AA. This is the first report describing how the plasma metabolome changes during 24-h period in young calves fed an elevated plane of milk replacer twice daily.

          Conclusions

          Data from this pilot study will help to establish reference standards for future metabolic diagnostics in dairy calves. In addition, this pilot study illustrated that feeding milk replacer may influence plasma metabolite concentrations. With the rapid implementation of blood metabolomics in monitoring animal health, it is then important to consider the time of feeding during the day when interpreting metabolomics analysis results.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1185-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Related collections

          Most cited references28

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health.

          Glycine is a major amino acid in mammals and other animals. It is synthesized from serine, threonine, choline, and hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Under normal feeding conditions, glycine is not adequately synthesized in birds or in other animals, particularly in a diseased state. Glycine degradation occurs through three pathways: the glycine cleavage system (GCS), serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and conversion to glyoxylate by peroxisomal D-amino acid oxidase. Among these pathways, GCS is the major enzyme to initiate glycine degradation to form ammonia and CO2 in animals. In addition, glycine is utilized for the biosynthesis of glutathione, heme, creatine, nucleic acids, and uric acid. Furthermore, glycine is a significant component of bile acids secreted into the lumen of the small intestine that is necessary for the digestion of dietary fat and the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. Glycine plays an important role in metabolic regulation, anti-oxidative reactions, and neurological function. Thus, this nutrient has been used to: (1) prevent tissue injury; (2) enhance anti-oxidative capacity; (3) promote protein synthesis and wound healing; (4) improve immunity; and (5) treat metabolic disorders in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, cancers, and various inflammatory diseases. These multiple beneficial effects of glycine, coupled with its insufficient de novo synthesis, support the notion that it is a conditionally essential and also a functional amino acid for mammals (including pigs and humans).
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The strengths and weaknesses of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with particular focus on metabolomics research.

            Mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have evolved as the most common techniques in metabolomics studies, and each brings its own advantages and limitations. Unlike MS spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy is quantitative and does not require extra steps for sample preparation, such as separation or derivatization. Although the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy has increased enormously and improvements continue to emerge steadily, this remains a weak point for NMR compared with MS. MS-based metabolomics provides an excellent approach that can offer a combined sensitivity and selectivity platform for metabolomics research. Moreover, different MS approaches such as different ionization techniques and mass analyzer technology can be used in order to increase the number of metabolites that can be detected. In this chapter, the advantages, limitations, strengths, and weaknesses of NMR and MS as tools applicable to metabolomics research are highlighted.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism.

              Glutamine is synthesized primarily in skeletal muscle, lungs, and adipose tissue. Plasma glutamine plays an important role as a carrier of nitrogen, carbon, and energy between organs and is used for hepatic urea synthesis, for renal ammoniagenesis, for gluconeogenesis in both liver and kidney, and as a major respiratory fuel for many cells. The catabolism of glutamine is initiated by either of two isoforms of the mitochondrial glutaminase. Liver-type glutaminase is expressed only in periportal hepatocytes of the postnatal liver, where it effectively couples ammonia production with urea synthesis. Kidney-type glutaminase is abundant in kidney, brain, intestine, fetal liver, lymphocytes, and transformed cells, where the resulting ammonia is released without further metabolism. The two isoenzymes have different structural and kinetic properties that contribute to their function and short-term regulation. Although there is a high degree of identity in amino acid sequences, the two glutaminases are the products of different but related genes. The two isoenzymes are also subject to long-term regulation. Hepatic glutaminase is increased during starvation, diabetes, and feeding a high-protein diet, whereas kidney-type glutaminase is increased only in kidney in response to metabolic acidosis. The adaptations in hepatic glutaminase are mediated by changes in the rate of transcription, whereas kidney-type glutaminase is regulated at a posttranscriptional level.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                masteele@ualberta.ca
                Journal
                BMC Vet Res
                BMC Vet. Res
                BMC Veterinary Research
                BioMed Central (London )
                1746-6148
                23 August 2017
                23 August 2017
                2017
                : 13
                : 271
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.17089.37, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, , University of Alberta, ; Edmonton, T6G 2P5 Canada
                [2 ]Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 220, 5830 AE Boxmeer, The Netherlands
                Article
                1185
                10.1186/s12917-017-1185-2
                5569568
                28836978
                960eb35c-fa72-4182-bf4d-fe72465b592a
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 2 January 2017
                : 10 August 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: funding provided Trouw Nutrition (Boxmeer, the Netherlands), Alberta Milk (Edmonton, AB, Canada) and The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (438351).
                Award ID: 3
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Veterinary medicine
                calf,plasma,metabolomics,nmr spectroscopy
                Veterinary medicine
                calf, plasma, metabolomics, nmr spectroscopy

                Comments

                Comment on this article