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      The emerging role of microRNAs in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis

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          Abstract

          Osteoporosis, a common and multifactorial disease, is influenced by genetic factors and environments. However, the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has not been fully elucidated yet. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications may be the underlying mechanisms that link genetic and environmental factors with increased risks of osteoporosis and bone fracture. MicroRNA (miRNA), a major category of small noncoding RNA with 20–22 bases in length, is recognized as one important epigenetic modification. It can mediate post-transcriptional regulation of target genes with cell differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we aimed to profile the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis. A deeper insight into the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and osteoporosis can provide unique opportunities to develop a novel diagnostic and therapeutic approach of osteoporosis.

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          Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis.

          (1993)
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            MicroRNAs in development and disease.

            Danish Sayed, Maha Abdellatif (2011)
            MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of posttranscriptional regulators that have recently introduced an additional level of intricacy to our understanding of gene regulation. There are currently over 10,000 miRNAs that have been identified in a range of species including metazoa, mycetozoa, viridiplantae, and viruses, of which 940, to date, are found in humans. It is estimated that more than 60% of human protein-coding genes harbor miRNA target sites in their 3' untranslated region and, thus, are potentially regulated by these molecules in health and disease. This review will first briefly describe the discovery, structure, and mode of function of miRNAs in mammalian cells, before elaborating on their roles and significance during development and pathogenesis in the various mammalian organs, while attempting to reconcile their functions with our existing knowledge of their targets. Finally, we will summarize some of the advances made in utilizing miRNAs in therapeutics.
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              Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis.

              Nancy Lane (2006)
              Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, is becoming increasingly prevalent with the aging of the world population. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, which predisposes the individual to an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and other skeletal sites. The clinical consequences and economic burden of this disease call for measures to assess individuals who are at high risk to allow for appropriate intervention. Many risk factors are associated with osteoporotic fracture, including low peak bone mass, hormonal factors, the use of certain drugs (eg, glucocorticoids), cigarette smoking, low physical activity, low intake of calcium and vitamin D, race, small body size, and a personal or a family history of fracture. All of these factors should be taken into account when assessing the risk of fracture and determining whether further treatment is required. Because osteoporotic fracture risk is higher in older women than in older men, all postmenopausal women should be evaluated for signs of osteoporosis during routine physical examinations. Radiologic laboratory assessments of bone mineral density generally should be reserved for patients at highest risk, including all women over the age of 65, younger postmenopausal women with risk factors, and all postmenopausal women with a history of fractures. The evaluation of biochemical markers of bone turnover has been useful in clinical research. However, the predictive factor of these measurements is not defined clearly, and these findings should not be used as a replacement for bone density testing. Together, clinical assessment of osteoporotic risk factors and objective measures of bone mineral density can help to identify patients who will benefit from intervention and, thus, can potentially reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis-associated fractures in this population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biosci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biosci. Rep
                Journal ID (hwp): ppbioscirep
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BSR
                Title: Bioscience Reports
                Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0144-8463
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-4935
                Publication date (Electronic preprint): 30 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: 29 June 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 June 2018
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: BSR20180453
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Endocrinology, Peking Unversity First Hospital, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
                [3 ]Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Institute of Spine, Tianjin, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Jia Zheng ( zhengjiapumc@ 123456163.com )
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                DOI: 10.1042/BSR20180453
                PMC ID: 6013703
                PubMed ID: 29848766
                SO-VID: 9634d7a1-5f02-486b-b3ef-1a129ba8b32d
                Copyright © © 2018 The Author(s).
                License:

                This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

                History
                Date received : 24 March 2018
                Date revision received : 23 May 2018
                Date accepted : 29 May 2018
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Review Articles
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: 46
                Subject: 7
                Subject: 43
                Subject: 12

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: bone remodeling,bone fracture,epigenetics,microrna,osteoporosis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: bone remodeling, bone fracture, epigenetics, microrna, osteoporosis

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