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      Structural modelling of the cardiovascular system

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          Abstract

          Computational modelling of the cardiovascular system offers much promise, but represents a truly interdisciplinary challenge, requiring knowledge of physiology, mechanics of materials, fluid dynamics and biochemistry. This paper aims to provide a summary of the recent advances in cardiovascular structural modelling, including the numerical methods, main constitutive models and modelling procedures developed to represent cardiovascular structures and pathologies across a broad range of length and timescales; serving as an accessible point of reference to newcomers to the field. The class of so-called hyperelastic materials provides the theoretical foundation for the modelling of how these materials deform under load, and so an overview of these models is provided; comparing classical to application-specific phenomenological models. The physiology is split into components and pathologies of the cardiovascular system and linked back to constitutive modelling developments, identifying current state of the art in modelling procedures from both clinical and engineering sources. Models which have originally been derived for one application and scale are shown to be used for an increasing range and for similar applications. The trend for such approaches is discussed in the context of increasing availability of high performance computing resources, where in some cases computer hardware can impact the choice of modelling approach used.

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          Stretching DNA

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            Cell and molecular mechanics of biological materials.

            Living cells can sense mechanical forces and convert them into biological responses. Similarly, biological and biochemical signals are known to influence the abilities of cells to sense, generate and bear mechanical forces. Studies into the mechanics of single cells, subcellular components and biological molecules have rapidly evolved during the past decade with significant implications for biotechnology and human health. This progress has been facilitated by new capabilities for measuring forces and displacements with piconewton and nanometre resolutions, respectively, and by improvements in bio-imaging. Details of mechanical, chemical and biological interactions in cells remain elusive. However, the mechanical deformation of proteins and nucleic acids may provide key insights for understanding the changes in cellular structure, response and function under force, and offer new opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. This review discusses some basic features of the deformation of single cells and biomolecules, and examines opportunities for further research.
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              Cerebral aneurysms.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                benjamin.owen@manchester.ac.uk
                Journal
                Biomech Model Mechanobiol
                Biomech Model Mechanobiol
                Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1617-7959
                1617-7940
                18 June 2018
                18 June 2018
                2018
                : 17
                : 5
                : 1217-1242
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000121662407, GRID grid.5379.8, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, , University of Manchester, ; George Begg Building, Manchester, M1 3BB UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000121662407, GRID grid.5379.8, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, , University of Manchester, ; AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1948-9160
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-4231
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-7341
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9573-0812
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-1506
                Article
                1024
                10.1007/s10237-018-1024-9
                6154127
                29911296
                966d37cd-164a-4100-bc0c-211265ba37ae
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 28 September 2017
                : 25 April 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265, Medical Research Council;
                Award ID: DGEMBE
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

                Biophysics
                cardiovascular structure,continuum,modelling,discrete
                Biophysics
                cardiovascular structure, continuum, modelling, discrete

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