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      Mucosal vaccines: the promise and the challenge.

      Nature reviews. Immunology
      Animals, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunity, Innate, Immunity, Mucosal, Vaccines, immunology

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          Abstract

          Most infectious agents enter the body at mucosal surfaces and therefore mucosal immune responses function as a first line of defence. Protective mucosal immune responses are most effectively induced by mucosal immunization through oral, nasal, rectal or vaginal routes, but the vast majority of vaccines in use today are administered by injection. As discussed in this Review, current research is providing new insights into the function of mucosal tissues and the interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses that results in immune protection at mucosal surfaces. These advances promise to accelerate the development and testing of new mucosal vaccines against many human diseases including HIV/AIDS.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          16491139
          10.1038/nri1777

          Chemistry
          Animals,Humans,Immunity, Cellular,Immunity, Innate,Immunity, Mucosal,Vaccines,immunology
          Chemistry
          Animals, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunity, Innate, Immunity, Mucosal, Vaccines, immunology

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