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      Plant secondary metabolites in nectar: impacts on pollinators and ecological functions

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      Functional Ecology
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          The evolutionary ecology of insect resistance to plant chemicals.

          Understanding the diversity of insect responses to chemical pressures (e.g. plant allelochemicals and pesticides) in their local ecological context represents a key challenge in developing durable pest control strategies. To what extent do the resistance mechanisms evolved by insects to deal with the chemical defences of plants differ from those that have evolved to resist insecticides? Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of insect resistance to plant chemicals, with a special emphasis on their underlying molecular basis, evaluate costs associated with each resistance trait, and discuss the ecological and evolutionary significance of these findings.
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            A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee

            The honeybee genome has substantially fewer protein coding genes (≈ 11 000 genes) than Drosophila melanogaster (≈ 13 500) and Anopheles gambiae (≈ 14 000). Some of the most marked differences occur in three superfamilies encoding xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes. Specifically there are only about half as many glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs) in the honeybee. This includes 10-fold or greater shortfalls in the numbers of Delta and Epsilon GSTs and CYP4 P450s, members of which clades have been recurrently associated with insecticide resistance in other species. These shortfalls may contribute to the sensitivity of the honeybee to insecticides. On the other hand there are some recent radiations in CYP6, CYP9 and certain CCE clades in A. mellifera that could be associated with the evolution of the hormonal and chemosensory processes underpinning its highly organized eusociality.
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              Insects as Flower Visitors and Pollinators

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Functional Ecology
                Funct Ecol
                Wiley-Blackwell
                02698463
                January 2017
                January 03 2017
                : 31
                : 1
                : 65-75
                Article
                10.1111/1365-2435.12761
                96c94825-87c8-45cf-bb64-db49417bd94f
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1

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