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      Effects of Advanced Glycation End Products on Calcium Handling in Cardiomyocytes

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          Abstract

          Background and Aims: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in diabetes and the engagement of receptor for AGE (RAGE) by AGEs contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This study aims to investigate the effects of AGE/RAGE on ryanodine receptor (RyR) activity and Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling in cardiomyocytes to elucidate the possible mechanism underlying cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomypathy. Methods and Results: Confocal imaging Ca<sup>2+</sup> spark, the elementary Ca<sup>2+</sup> release event reflecting RyR activity in intact cell, as well as SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> content and systolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient were performed in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. The results show that 50 mg/ml AGE increased the frequency of Ca<sup>2+</sup> sparks by 160%, while 150 mg/ml AGE increased it by 53%. AGE decreased the amplitude, width and duration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> sparks. Blocking RAGE with anti-RAGE IgG completely abolished the alteration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> sparks. The SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> content indicated by the amplitude (ΔF/F0) of 20 m<smlcap>M</smlcap> caffeine-elicited Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient was significantly decreased by 150 mg/ml AGE. In parallel, the amplitude of systolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient evoked by 1 Hz-field stimulation was remarkably decreased by 150 mg/ml AGE. The anti-RAGE antibody completely restored the impaired SR load and systolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient. Conclusion: AGE/RAGE signal enhanced Ca<sup>2+</sup> spark-mediated SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak, causing partial depletion of SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> content and consequently decreasing systolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient, which may contribute to contractile dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

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          Most cited references19

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          Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: a common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation.

          The products of nonenzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids, the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), accumulate in a wide variety of environments. AGEs may be generated rapidly or over long times stimulated by a range of distinct triggering mechanisms, thereby accounting for their roles in multiple settings and disease states. A critical property of AGEs is their ability to activate receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a signal transduction receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is our hypothesis that due to such interaction, AGEs impart a potent impact in tissues, stimulating processes linked to inflammation and its consequences. We hypothesize that AGEs cause perturbation in a diverse group of diseases, such as diabetes, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and aging. Thus, we propose that targeting this pathway may represent a logical step in the prevention/treatment of the sequelae of these disorders.
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            Redox modification of ryanodine receptors contributes to sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in chronic heart failure.

            Abnormal cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) function is recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). However, the specific molecular causes underlying RyR2 defects in HF remain poorly understood. In the present study, we used a canine model of chronic HF to test the hypothesis that the HF-related alterations in RyR2 function are caused by posttranslational modification by reactive oxygen species generated in the failing heart. Experimental approaches included imaging of cytosolic ([Ca(2+)](c)) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) luminal Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]SR) in isolated intact and permeabilized ventricular myocytes and single RyR2 channel recording using the planar lipid bilayer technique. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione, as well as the level of free thiols on RyR2 decreased markedly in failing versus control hearts consistent with increased oxidative stress in HF. RyR2-mediated SR Ca(2+) leak was significantly enhanced in permeabilized myocytes, resulting in reduced [Ca(2+)](SR) in HF compared to control cells. Both SR Ca(2+) leak and [Ca(2+)](SR) were partially normalized by treating HF myocytes with reducing agents. Conversely, oxidizing agents accelerated SR Ca(2+) leak and decreased [Ca(2+)](SR) in cells from normal hearts. Moreover, exposure to antioxidants significantly improved intracellular Ca(2+)-handling parameters in intact HF myocytes. Single RyR2 channel activity was significantly higher in HF versus control because of increased sensitivity to activation by luminal Ca(2+) and was partially normalized by reducing agents through restoring luminal Ca(2+) sensitivity oxidation of control RyR2s enhanced their luminal Ca(2+) sensitivity, thus reproducing the HF phenotype. These findings suggest that redox modification contributes to abnormal function of RyR2s in HF, presenting a potential therapeutic target for treating HF.
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              Ryanodine receptor phosphorylation by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II promotes life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in mice with heart failure.

              approximately half of patients with heart failure die suddenly as a result of ventricular arrhythmias. Although abnormal Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors (RyR2) has been linked to arrhythmogenesis, the molecular mechanisms triggering release of arrhythmogenic Ca(2+) remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that increased RyR2 phosphorylation by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is both necessary and sufficient to promote lethal ventricular arrhythmias. mice in which the S2814 Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II site on RyR2 is constitutively activated (S2814D) develop pathological sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release events, resulting in reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) load on confocal microscopy. These Ca(2+) release events are associated with increased RyR2 open probability in lipid bilayer preparations. At baseline, young S2814D mice have structurally and functionally normal hearts without arrhythmias; however, they develop sustained ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death on catecholaminergic provocation by caffeine/epinephrine or programmed electric stimulation. Young S2814D mice have a significant predisposition to sudden arrhythmogenic death after transverse aortic constriction surgery. Finally, genetic ablation of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II site on RyR2 (S2814A) protects mutant mice from pacing-induced arrhythmias versus wild-type mice after transverse aortic constriction surgery. our results suggest that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation of RyR2 Ca(2+) release channels at S2814 plays an important role in arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death in mice with heart failure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                CRD
                Cardiology
                10.1159/issn.0008-6312
                Cardiology
                S. Karger AG
                0008-6312
                1421-9751
                2014
                September 2014
                19 August 2014
                : 129
                : 2
                : 75-83
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, bDepartment of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, cDepartment of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, and dDepartment of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical School, Guangzhou, China
                Author notes
                *Jie Liu, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 (China), E-Mail ljljz@yahoo.com
                Article
                364779 Cardiology 2014;129:75-83
                10.1159/000364779
                25138529
                96ef3bdb-e013-45b8-bfa0-f90820d88ba3
                © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 14 January 2014
                : 22 May 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Research

                General medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Internal medicine,Nephrology
                Calcium transient,Calcium spark,Cardiac myocyte ,Excitation-contraction coupling,Advanced glycation end products

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