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      Comparison of anti-retroviral therapy treatment strategies in prevention of mother-to-child transmission in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia Translated title: Comparación de estrategias de tratamiento antirretroviral en prevención de transmisión madre a hijo en un hospital universitario de Etiopia

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          Abstract

          Background: More than 90% of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children is acquired due to mother-to-child transmission, which is spreading during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral and short course antiretroviral regimens in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and associated factors Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH). Method: A hospital based retrospective cohort study was conducted on HIV infected pregnant mothers who gave birth and had follow up at anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic for at least 6 months during a time period paired with their infants. The primary and secondary outcomes were rate of infant infection by HIV at 6 weeks and 6 months respectively. The Chi-square was used for the comparison of categorical data multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of early mother-to-child transmission of HIV at 6 weeks. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze factors that affect the 6 month HIV free survival of infants born to HIV infected mothers. Results: A total of 180 mother infant pairs were considered for the final analysis, 90(50%) mothers received single dose nevirapine (sdNVP) designated as regimen-3, 67 (37.2%) mothers were on different types of ARV regimens commonly AZT + 3TC + NVP (regimen-1), while the rest 23 (12.8%) mothers were on short course dual regimen AZT + 3TC + sdNVP (regimen-2). Early mother-to-child transmission rate at 6 weeks for regimens 1, 2 and 3 were 5.9% (4/67), 8.6% (2/23), and 15.5% (14/90) respectively. The late cumulative mother-to-child transmission rate of HIV at 6 months regardless of regimen type was 15.5% (28/180). Postnatal transmission at 6 months was 28.5% (8/28) of infected children. Factors that were found to be associated with high risk of early mother-to-child transmission of HIV include duration of ARV regimen shorter than 2 months during pregnancy (OR=4.3, 95%CI =1.38-13.46), base line CD4 less than 350 cells/cubic mm (OR=6.98, 95%CI=0.91-53.76), early infant infection (OR=5.4, 95%CI=2.04-14.4), infants delivered home (OR=13.1, 95%CI=2.69-63.7), infant with birth weight less than 2500 g (OR=6.41, 95%CI=2.21-18.61), and mixed infant feeding (OR=6.7, 95%CI=2.2-20.4). Antiretroviral regimen duration less than 2 months, maternal base line CD4 less than 350 cells/cubic mm and mixed infant feeding were also important risk factors for late infant infection or death. Conclusion: The effectiveness of multiple antiretroviral drugs in prevention of early mother-to-child transmission of HIV was found to be more effective than that of single dose nevirapine, although, the difference was not statistically significant. But in late transmission, a significant difference was observed in which infants born to mother who received multiple antiretroviral drugs were less likely to progress to infection or death than infants born to mothers who received single dose nevirapine.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Más del 90% de la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños es adquirida debido a una transmisión madre-hijo que se establece durante el embarazo, parto o lactación. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de antiretrovirales altamente activos en la prevención de la transmisión madre-hijo del VIH y sus factores asociados en el Hospital Universitario de JIMMA (JUSH). Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva sobre madres que dieron a luz infectadas de VIH y tuvieron seguimiento en la Clinical de tratamiento antirretroviral (ART) por al menos un periodo de 6 meses emparejado con sus hijos. Los resultados primarios y secundarios fueron la tasa de infección por VIH en niños a las 6 semanas y 6 meses, respectivamente. Se utilizó el chi-cuadrado para comparación de los datos categóricos y un modelo de regresión logística multivariado para identificar los determinantes de transmisión temprana madre-hijo a las 6 semanas. Se usó el modelo de riesgo proporcional de Cox para analizar los factores que afectaron la supervivencia libre de VIH a 6 meses de niños nacidos de madres con VIH. Resultados: Se consideraron un total de 180 pares madre/hijo para el análisis final, 90 (50%) madres recibieron una dosis única de nevirapina (sdNVP) denominado régimen-3, 67 (37,2%) madres recibieron diferentes tipos de regímenes ARV, normalmente AZT+3TC+NVP (régimen-1), mientras que las restantes 23 (12,8%) estuvieron a tratamiento con un régimen corto de AZT + 3TC + sdNVP (régimen-2). La tasa temprana de transmisión madre-hijo a 6 semanas para los regímenes 1, 2 y 3 fue 5,9% (4/67), 8,6% (2/23), y 15,5% (14/90), respectivamente. La tasa tardía acumulativa de transmisión madre-hijo a los 6 meses, independientemente del régimen, fue del 15,5% (28/180). La transmisión postnatal a 6 meses fue del 28,5% (8/28) de los niños infectados. Los factores que se encontraron asociados a alto riesgo de transmisión de VIH madre-hijo incluían la duración del régimen ARV menor de 2 meses durante el embarazo (OR=4,3; 95%CI =1,38-13,46), CD4 al inicio de menos de 350 células/mm cubico (OR=6,98; 95%CI=0,91-53,76) , infección temprana del niño (OR=5,4, 95%CI=2,04-14,4), niños nacidos en casa (OR=13,1; 95%CI=2,69-63,7), niños nacidos con peso menor de 2500 g (OR=6,41; 95%CI=2,21-18,61), y alimentación infantil mixta (OR=6,7; 95%CI=2,2-20,4). La duración del régimen menor de 2 meses, las CD4 iniciales en menos de 350 celulas7mm cubico y la alimentación infantil mixta fueron también factores de riesgo importantes para infección infantil tardía y muerte. Conclusión: se encontró que la efectividad de los tratamientos antirretrovirales múltiples para la prevención de transmisión temprana madre-hijo de VIH era más efectiva que la dosis única de nevirapina, aunque la diferencia no era estadísticamente significativa. Pero en transmisión tardía, se observó una diferencia significativa en la que los niños nacidos de madres que recibieron tratamientos antirretrovirales múltiples tenían menos probabilidad de progresar hacia la infección que los niños de madres tratadas con una dosis única de nevirapina.

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          Most cited references40

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          Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy.

          Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. In nine countries, we enrolled 1763 couples in which one partner was HIV-1-positive and the other was HIV-1-negative; 54% of the subjects were from Africa, and 50% of infected partners were men. HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 counts between 350 and 550 cells per cubic millimeter were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive antiretroviral therapy either immediately (early therapy) or after a decline in the CD4 count or the onset of HIV-1-related symptoms (delayed therapy). The primary prevention end point was linked HIV-1 transmission in HIV-1-negative partners. The primary clinical end point was the earliest occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial infection, a World Health Organization stage 4 event, or death. As of February 21, 2011, a total of 39 HIV-1 transmissions were observed (incidence rate, 1.2 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 1.7); of these, 28 were virologically linked to the infected partner (incidence rate, 0.9 per 100 person-years, 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.3). Of the 28 linked transmissions, only 1 occurred in the early-therapy group (hazard ratio, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.27; P<0.001). Subjects receiving early therapy had fewer treatment end points (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.88; P=0.01). The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy reduced rates of sexual transmission of HIV-1 and clinical events, indicating both personal and public health benefits from such therapy. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; HPTN 052 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00074581.).
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            Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice.

            Each year, an estimated 590,000 infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection from their mothers, mostly in developing countries that are unable to implement interventions now standard in the industrialized world. In resource-poor settings, the HIV pandemic has eroded hard-won gains in infant and child survival. Recent clinical trial results from international settings suggest that short-course antiretroviral regimens could significantly reduce perinatal HIV transmission worldwide if research findings could be translated into practice. This article reviews current knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission in developing countries, summarizes key findings from the trials, outlines future research requirements, and describes public health challenges of implementing perinatal HIV prevention interventions in resource-poor settings. Public health efforts must also emphasize primary prevention strategies to reduce incident HIV infections among adolescents and women of childbearing age. Successful implementation of available perinatal HIV interventions could substantially improve global child survival.
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              Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial.

              The AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 076 zidovudine prophylaxis regimen for HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their babies has been associated with a significant decrease in vertical HIV-1 transmission in non-breastfeeding women in developed countries. We compared the safety and efficacy of short-course nevirapine or zidovudine during labour and the first week of life. From November, 1997, to April, 1999, we enrolled 626 HIV-1-infected pregnant women at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. We randomly assigned mothers nevirapine 200 mg orally at onset of labour and 2 mg/kg to babies within 72 h of birth, or zidovudine 600 mg orally to the mother at onset of labour and 300 mg every 3 h until delivery, and 4 mg/kg orally twice daily to babies for 7 days after birth. We tested babies for HIV-1 infection at birth, 6-8 weeks, and 14-16 weeks by HIV-1 RNA PCR. We assessed HIV-1 transmission and HIV-1-free survival with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Nearly all babies (98.8%) were breastfed, and 95.6% were still breastfeeding at age 14-16 weeks. The estimated risks of HIV-1 transmission in the zidovudine and nevirapine groups were: 10.4% and 8.2% at birth (p=0.354); 21.3% and 11.9% by age 6-8 weeks (p=0.0027); and 25.1% and 13.1% by age 14-16 weeks (p=0.0006). The efficacy of nevirapine compared with zidovudine was 47% (95% CI 20-64) up to age 14-16 weeks. The two regimens were well tolerated and adverse events were similar in the two groups. Nevirapine lowered the risk of HIV-1 transmission during the first 14-16 weeks of life by nearly 50% in a breastfeeding population. This simple and inexpensive regimen could decrease mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in less-developed countries.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pharmacy
                Pharmacy Practice (Granada)
                Pharmacy Pract (Granada)
                Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmacéuticas (Redondela, Pontevedra, Spain )
                1885-642X
                1886-3655
                June 2015
                : 13
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [02] Jimma orgnameJimma University orgdiv1College of Public health and Medical Sciences orgdiv2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrician Ethiopia demisew.amenu@ 123456ju.edu.et
                [01] Jimma orgnameJimma University orgdiv1College of Public health and Medical Sciences orgdiv2School of Pharmacy Ethiopia Kabaye.kumela@ 123456ju.edu.et
                [03] Tehran orgnameTehran University of Medical Sciences orgdiv1Faculty of Pharmacy orgdiv2Department of Clinical pharmacy Iran
                Article
                S1885-642X2015000200003 S1885-642X(15)01300200003
                10.18549/PharmPract.2015.02.539
                96fb44de-07a6-4b1a-869c-ad0af101e1ce

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 November 2014
                : 12 April 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Research

                Etiopia,Atención Perinatal,Antirretrovirales,Infecciones por VIH,Lactancia Materna,Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa,Ethiopia,Vertical,Anti-Retroviral Agents,HIV Infections,Breast Feeding,Infectious Disease Transmission,Perinatal Care

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