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      Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic

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      Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
      Publisher: The Royal Society

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          Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes.

          R. Ricklefs (1987)
          The species richness (diversity) of local plant and animal assemblages-biological communities-balances regional processes of species formation and geographic dispersal, which add species to communities, against processes of predation, competitive exclusion, adaptation, and stochastic variation, which may promote local extinction. During the past three decades, ecologists have sought to explain differences in local diversity by the influence of the physical environment on local interactions among species, interactions that are generally believed to limit the number of coexisting species. But diversity of the biological community often fails to converge under similar physical conditions, and local diversity bears a demonstrable dependence upon regional diversity. These observations suggest that regional and historical processes, as well as unique events and circumstances, profoundly influence local community structure. Ecologists must broaden their concepts of community processes and incorporate data from systematics, biogeography, and paleontology into analyses of ecological patterns and tests of community theory.
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            Global dispersal of free-living microbial eukaryote species.

            Bland Finlay (2002)
            The abundance of individuals in microbial species is so large that dispersal is rarely (if ever) restricted by geographical barriers. This "ubiquitous" dispersal requires an alternative view of the scale and dynamics of biodiversity at the microbial level, wherein global species number is relatively low and local species richness is always sufficient to drive ecosystem functions.
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              Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat.

              C. Orme, Richard Davies, Malcolm N. Burgess … (2005)
              Biodiversity hotspots have a prominent role in conservation biology, but it remains controversial to what extent different types of hotspot are congruent. Previous studies were unable to provide a general answer because they used a single biodiversity index, were geographically restricted, compared areas of unequal size or did not quantitatively compare hotspot types. Here we use a new global database on the breeding distribution of all known extant bird species to test for congruence across three types of hotspot. We demonstrate that hotspots of species richness, threat and endemism do not show the same geographical distribution. Only 2.5% of hotspot areas are common to all three aspects of diversity, with over 80% of hotspots being idiosyncratic. More generally, there is a surprisingly low overall congruence of biodiversity indices, with any one index explaining less than 24% of variation in the other indices. These results suggest that, even within a single taxonomic class, different mechanisms are responsible for the origin and maintenance of different aspects of diversity. Consequently, the different types of hotspots also vary greatly in their utility as conservation tools.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
                Publisher: The Royal Society
                ISSN (Print): 0962-8436
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2970
                Publication date Created: December 29 2007
                Publication date (Print): December 29 2007
                Volume: 362
                Issue: 1488
                Pages: 2307-2331
                Article
                DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1949
                SO-VID: 97095161-5301-43ae-93c3-f90f9a8b3f78
                Copyright © © 2007
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