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      Chitosan Spray-Dried Microparticles for Controlled Delivery of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

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          Abstract

          Venlafaxine controlled drug delivery systems using different matrixes have been tested to reduce undesirable side effects in the treatment of depression. The legal status of chitosan (Cs) in Pharmacy has dramatically improved after its acceptance as excipient in several Pharmacopeias and, therefore, there is great interest in pharmaceutical formulations based on this polymer. In this paper, chitosan microcapsules cross-linked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) for oral delivery of venlafaxine were formulated using the spray drying technique. The effect of chitosan physico-chemical properties, TPP concentration and TPP/Cs ratio on drug release was evaluated. The microcapsules were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential and morphology. The physical state of the drug was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the drug release from the microcapsules was studied in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The release pattern fitted well to the Peppas-Koersmeyer model with n exponents indicating anomalous transport.

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          Mechanisms of solute release from porous hydrophilic polymers

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            Stability of Chitosan—A Challenge for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications

            Chitosan—one of the natural multifunctional polymers—due to its unique and versatile biological properties is regarded as a useful compound in medical and pharmaceutical technology. Recently, considerable research effort has been made in order to develop safe and efficient chitosan products. However, the problem of poor stability of chitosan-based systems restricts its practical applicability; thus, it has become a great challenge to establish sufficient shelf-life for chitosan formulations. Improved stability can be assessed by controlling the environmental factors, manipulating processing conditions (e.g., temperature), introducing a proper stabilizing compound, developing chitosan blends with another polymer, or modifying the chitosan structure using chemical or ionic agents. This review covers the influence of internal, environmental, and processing factors on the long-term stability of chitosan products. The aim of this paper is also to highlight the latest developments which enable the physicochemical properties of chitosan-based applications to be preserved upon storage.
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              Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                15 November 2017
                November 2017
                : 22
                : 11
                : 1980
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physical Chemistry II. Pharmacy Faculty, Biofuncional Studies Institute, Complutense University, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain; iaranaz@ 123456hotmail.com (I.A.); inespanos@ 123456hotmail.com (I.P.); aheras@ 123456ucm.es (Á.H.)
                [2 ]Center of Biomaterials, University of Havana Ave. Universidad s/n entre G y Ronda, Vedado, 10400 La Habana, Cuba; cpeniche2015@ 123456yahoo.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: facosta@ 123456ucm.es ; Tel.: +34-913-943284
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1495-9744
                Article
                molecules-22-01980
                10.3390/molecules22111980
                6150332
                29140306
                977fb3fe-c45b-46eb-a7f1-193da8e283b2
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 08 October 2017
                : 09 November 2017
                Categories
                Article

                microcapsules,modelling,functional characterization,venlafaxine,drug release

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