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      Effects of moderate beer consumption on health and disease: A consensus document.

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          Abstract

          A large evidence-based review on the effects of a moderate consumption of beer on human health has been conducted by an international panel of experts who reached a full consensus on the present document. Low-moderate (up to 1 drink per day in women, up to 2 in men), non-bingeing beer consumption, reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. This effect is similar to that of wine, at comparable alcohol amounts. Epidemiological studies suggest that moderate consumption of either beer or wine may confer greater cardiovascular protection than spirits. Although specific data on beer are not conclusive, observational studies seem to indicate that low-moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of developing neurodegenerative disease. There is no evidence that beer drinking is different from other types of alcoholic beverages in respect to risk for some cancers. Evidence consistently suggests a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption (including beer) and all-cause mortality, with lower risk for moderate alcohol consumers than for abstainers or heavy drinkers. Unless they are at high risk for alcohol-related cancers or alcohol dependency, there is no reason to discourage healthy adults who are already regular light-moderate beer consumers from continuing. Consumption of beer, at any dosage, is not recommended for children, adolescents, pregnant women, individuals at risk to develop alcoholism, those with cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, depression, liver and pancreatic diseases, or anyone engaged in actions that require concentration, skill or coordination. In conclusion, although heavy and excessive beer consumption exerts deleterious effects on the human body, with increased disease risks on many organs and is associated to significant social problems such as addiction, accidents, violence and crime, data reported in this document show evidence for no harm of moderate beer consumption for major chronic conditions and some benefit against cardiovascular disease.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
          Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD
          1590-3729
          0939-4753
          Jun 2016
          : 26
          : 6
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy. Electronic address: giovanni.degaetano@moli-sani.org.
          [2 ] Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
          [3 ] Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
          [4 ] Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
          [5 ] Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain.
          [6 ] Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy.
          [7 ] Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
          [8 ] Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
          [9 ] City College, New York, NY, USA.
          [10 ] Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Padova, Italy.
          Article
          S0939-4753(16)30004-7
          10.1016/j.numecd.2016.03.007
          27118108
          978cf0d9-e13e-482c-ad2a-7f6ce2255354
          Copyright © 2016 The Italian Society of Diabetology, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
          History

          Alcohol,Beer,Cancer,Cardiovascular disease,Liver disease,Polyphenols,Public health,Stroke

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