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      A home-based approach to managing multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Uganda: a case report

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          Abstract

          This case report describes an HIV-positive patient with recurrent tuberculosis in Uganda. After several failed courses of treatment, the patient was diagnosed with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). As adequate in-patient facilities were unavailable, we advised the patient to remain at home, and he received treatment at home via his family and a community nurse. The patient had a successful clearance of tuberculosis. This strategy of home-based care represents an important opportunity for treatment of patients in East Africa, where human resource constraints and inadequate hospital facilities exist for complex patients at high risk of infection to others.

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          Distribution of antiretroviral treatment through self-forming groups of patients in Tete Province, Mozambique.

          As antiretroviral treatment cohorts continue to expand, ensuring patient retention over time is an increasingly important concern. This, together with capacity and human resource constraints, has led to the consideration of out-of-clinic models for the delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In 2008, Médecins Sans Frontières and the Provincial authorities launched a model of ART distribution and adherence monitoring by community groups in Tete Province, Mozambique. PROGRAMME APPROACH: Patients who were stable on ART for 6 months were informed about the community ART group model and invited to form groups. Group members had 4 key functions: facilitate monthly ART distribution to other group members in the community, provide adherence and social support, monitor outcomes, and ensure each group member undergoes a clinical consultation at least once every 6 months. Group members visit the health centre on a rotational basis, such that each group member has contact with the health service every 6 months. Between February 2008 and May 2010, 1384 members were enrolled into 291 groups. Median follow-up time within a group was 12.9 months (IQR 8.5-14.1). During this time, 83 (6%) were transferred out, and of the 1301 patients still in community groups, 1269 (97.5%) were remaining in care, 30 (2%) had died, and 2 (0.2%) were lost to follow-up. The Community ART Group model was initiated by patients to improve access, patient retention, and decongest health services. Early outcomes are highly satisfactory in terms of mortality and retention in care, lending support to such out-of-clinic approaches.
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            Successful integration of tuberculosis and HIV treatment in rural South Africa: the Sizonq'oba study.

            Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among HIV-infected patients worldwide. In KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 80% of TB patients are HIV coinfected, with high treatment default and mortality rates. Integrating TB and HIV care may be an effective strategy for improving outcomes for both diseases. Prospective operational research study treating TB/HIV-coinfected patients in rural KwaZulu-Natal with once-daily antiretroviral (ARV) therapy concurrently with TB therapy by home-based, modified directly observed therapy. Patients were followed for 12 months after ARV initiation. Of 119 TB/HIV-coinfected patients enrolled, 67 (56%) were female, mean age was 34.0 years, and median CD4 count was 78.5 cells per cubic millimeter. After 12 months on ARVs, mean CD4 count increase was 211 cells per cubic millimeter, and 88% had an undetectable viral load; 84% completed TB treatment. Thirteen patients (11%) died; 10 (77%) with multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant TB. There were few severe adverse events or immune reconstitution events. Adherence was high with 93% of study visits attended and 99% of ARV doses taken. Integration of TB and HIV treatment in a rural setting using concurrent home-based therapy resulted in excellent adherence and TB and HIV outcomes. This model may result in successful management of both diseases in other rural resource-poor settings.
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              Lessons learned during down referral of antiretroviral treatment in Tete, Mozambique

              As sub-Saharan African countries continue to scale up antiretroviral treatment, there has been an increasing emphasis on moving provision of services from hospital level to the primary health care clinic level. Delivery of antiretroviral treatment at the clinic level increases the number of entry points to care, while the greater proximity of services encourages retention in care. In Tete City, Mozambique, patients on antiretrovirals were rapidly down referred from a provincial hospital to four urban clinics in large numbers without careful planning, resulting in a number of patients being lost to follow-up. We outline some key lessons learned to support down referral, including the need to improve process management, clinic infrastructure, monitoring systems, and patient preparation. Down referral can be avoided by initiating patients' antiretroviral treatment at clinic level from the outset.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                AIDS Res Ther
                AIDS Res Ther
                AIDS Research and Therapy
                BioMed Central
                1742-6405
                2012
                23 April 2012
                : 9
                : 12
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Mildmay Centre, PO Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda
                Article
                1742-6405-9-12
                10.1186/1742-6405-9-12
                3349607
                22524486
                97a04f2d-b22c-4bf7-a6f6-716f4e9949b8
                Copyright ©2012 Luyirika et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 February 2012
                : 23 April 2012
                Categories
                Case Report

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                home-based care,home-care,hiv,tuberculosis,mdr-tb,sub-saharan africa,multi-drug resistant,east africa

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