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      Hepatitis E virus in South America: The current scenario

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          Proposed reference sequences for hepatitis E virus subtypes

          The nomenclature of hepatitis E virus (HEV) subtypes is inconsistent and makes comparison of different studies problematic. We have provided a table of proposed complete genome reference sequences for each subtype. The criteria for subtype assignment vary between different genotypes and methodologies, and so a conservative pragmatic approach has been favoured. Updates to this table will be posted on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses website (http://talk.ictvonline.org/r.ashx?C). The use of common reference sequences will facilitate communication between researchers and help clarify the epidemiology of this important human pathogen. This subtyping procedure might be adopted for other taxa of the genus Orthohepevirus.
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            Is Open Access

            Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes and Evolution: Emergence of Camel Hepatitis E Variants

            Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. Zoonotic HEV is an important cause of chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. The rapid identification of novel HEV variants and accumulating sequence information has prompted significant changes in taxonomy of the family Hepeviridae. This family includes two genera: Orthohepevirus, which infects terrestrial vertebrates, and Piscihepevirus, which infects fish. Within Orthohepevirus, there are four species, A–D, with widely differing host range. Orthohepevirus A contains the HEV variants infecting humans and its significance continues to expand with new clinical information. We now recognize eight genotypes within Orthohepevirus A: HEV1 and HEV2, restricted to humans; HEV3, which circulates among humans, swine, rabbits, deer and mongooses; HEV4, which circulates between humans and swine; HEV5 and HEV6, which are found in wild boars; and HEV7 and HEV8, which were recently identified in dromedary and Bactrian camels, respectively. HEV7 is an example of a novel genotype that was found to have significance to human health shortly after discovery. In this review, we summarize recent developments in HEV molecular taxonomy, epidemiology and evolution and describe the discovery of novel camel HEV genotypes as an illustrative example of the changes in this field.
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              Zoonotic origin of hepatitis E.

              The concept of zoonotic viral hepatitis E has emerged a few years ago following the discovery of animal strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV), closely related to human HEV, in countries where sporadic cases of hepatitis E were autochthonous. Recent advances in the identification of animal reservoirs of HEV have confirmed that strains circulating in domestic and wild pigs are genetically related to strains identified in indigenous human cases. The demonstration of HEV contamination in the food chain or pork products has indicated that HEV is frequently a foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Direct contacts with infected animals, consumption of contaminated animal meat or meat products are all potential means of zoonotic HEV transmission. The recent identification of numerous other genetically diverse HEV strains from various animal species poses additional potential concerns for HEV zoonotic infection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Liver International
                Liver Int
                Wiley
                14783223
                September 2018
                September 2018
                June 09 2018
                : 38
                : 9
                : 1536-1546
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Instituto de Virología “Dr. J. M. Vanella”; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
                [2 ]Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Argentina
                [3 ]Departamento de Virología; LACE; Córdoba Argentina
                [4 ]Sección Virología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
                [5 ]Department of Medicine; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
                Article
                10.1111/liv.13881
                29788538
                97a06b76-4da3-4f56-b7ea-eb1743b5935a
                © 2018

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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