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      Frontopolar and anterior temporal cortex activation in a moral judgment task: preliminary functional MRI results in normal subjects Translated title: Ativação do córtex frontopolar e temporal anterior em uma tarefa de julgamento moral: resultados preliminares de ressonância magnética funcional em indivíduos normais

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To study the brain areas which are activated when normal subjects make moral judgments. METHOD: Ten normal adults underwent BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the auditory presentation of sentences that they were instructed to silently judge as either "right" or "wrong". Half of the sentences had an explicit moral content ("We break the law when necessary"), the other half comprised factual statements devoid of moral connotation ("Stones are made of water"). After scanning, each subject rated the moral content, emotional valence, and judgment difficulty of each sentence on Likert-like scales. To exclude the effect of emotion on the activation results, individual responses were hemodynamically modeled for event-related fMRI analysis. The general linear model was used to evaluate the brain areas activated by moral judgment. RESULTS: Regions activated during moral judgment included the frontopolar cortex (FPC), medial frontal gyrus, right anterior temporal cortex, lenticular nucleus, and cerebellum. Activation of FPC and medial frontal gyrus (BA 10/46 and 9) were largely independent of emotional experience and represented the largest areas of activation. CONCLUSIONS: These results concur with clinical observations assigning a critical role for the frontal poles and right anterior temporal cortex in the mediation of complex judgment processes according to moral constraints. The FPC may work in concert with the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral cortex in the regulation of human social conduct.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Estudar, com ressonância magnética funcional (RMf), as áreas cerebrais normalmente ativadas por julgamentos morais em tarefa de verificação de sentenças. MÉTODO: Dez adultos normais foram estudados com RMf-BOLD durante a apresentação auditiva de sentenças cujo conteúdo foram instruídos a julgar como "certo" ou "errado". Metade das sentenças possuía um conteúdo moral explícito ("Transgredimos a lei se necessário"), enquanto a outra metade era constituída de afirmativas factuais desprovidas de conotação moral ("Pedras são feitas de água"). Depois do estudo funcional, cada indivíduo aferiu o conteúdo moral, a valência emocional, e a dificuldade de julgamento de cada sentença em escalas de Likert. Para excluir o efeito da emoção nos resultados da ativação, as respostas individuais foram hemodinamicamente modeladas para análise de RMf relacionada a eventos. O modelo linear geral foi empregado na avaliação das áreas cerebrais ativadas pelos julgamentos morais. RESULTADOS: As regiões ativadas pelo julgamento moral compreenderam o córtex frontopolar, o giro frontal medial, o córtex temporal anterior direito, o núcleo lenticular, e o cerebelo. As ativações frontopolar e médio-frontal (áreas 10/46 e 9 de Brodmann) mostraram-se independentes da experiência emocional e representaram as maiores áreas de ativação. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados vão ao encontro de observações clínicas que atribuem papel crítico aos pólos frontais e ao córtex temporal anterior direito na regulação do comportamento social. O sistema frontopolar-ântero-temporal descrito no presente trabalho pode representar sistema neural relativamente independente, que opera em harmonia com os córtices orbitário e dorsolateral durante decisões baseadas em julgamentos morais.

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          Most cited references48

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          We present a method for detecting event-related responses in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The occurrence of time-locked activations is formulated in terms of the general linear model, i.e., multiple linear regression. This permits the use of established statistical techniques that correct for multiple comparisons in the context of spatially smooth and serially correlated data. Responses are modelled using event-related temporal basis functions. Inferences are then made about all components of the model, using the F-ratio at all voxels in the image, to produce a statistical parametric map (SPM{F}). This method allows for the experimental design to relate the timing of events to the acquisition of data to give a temporal resolution (with respect to the event-related response) far better than the scanning repeat time. Copyright (c) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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              The effect of context processing on different aspects of social cognition in schizophrenia.

              It is well known that individuals with schizophrenia have impaired social cognition. The construct of social cognition involves several components, including perception, interpretation, and the ability to integrate context (Adolphs R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11:231-239; Brothers L. The social brain: a project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts Neurosci. 1990;1:27-61). Importantly, a number of studies have suggested that deficits in context processing underlie cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia (Penn DL, Corrigan PW, Bentall RP, Racenstein JM, Newman L. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychol Bull. 1997;121(1):114-132; Green MF, Nuechterlein KH. Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder? Schizophr Bull. 1999;25:309-319). Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between context processing and different aspects of social cognition in schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 41) and the healthy controls (n = 32) participated in this study. The participants completed 2 sections of The Awareness of Social Inference Test: (1) social inference minimal (SI-M) and (2) social inference enriched (SI-E). They also completed face and voice emotion discrimination tasks. In addition, we used the AX-Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT) to measure context processing and the n-back task to measure working memory more generally. AX-CPT performance in schizophrenia was positively correlated with both SI-M and SI-E performance but not with either the face or the voice discrimination. Furthermore, the correlation between AX-CPT performance and SI-M/SI-E performance was significantly stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in controls. These results suggest that impairments in context processing are related to inferential components of social cognition in schizophrenia but not to the ability to recognition facial or vocal emotion. As such, deficits in context processing may contribute to deficits in both "hot" and "cold" aspects of cognition in schizophrenia.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO (São Paulo )
                1678-4227
                September 2001
                : 59
                : 3B
                : 657-664
                Affiliations
                [1 ] LABS & Rede D'Or Hospitais Brazil
                [2 ] Pennsylvania State University United States
                [3 ] UNI-Rio
                Article
                S0004-282X2001000500001
                10.1590/S0004-282X2001000500001
                97ac1539-0f51-4cb0-8867-94628e6f1d72

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-282X&lng=en
                Categories
                NEUROSCIENCES
                PSYCHIATRY

                Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                frontal lobes,moral judgment,acquired sociopathy,psychopathy,lobos frontais,julgamento moral,sociopatia adquirida,psicopatia

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