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      Cuidados de final de vida em crianças: perspectivas no Brasil e no mundo Translated title: End-of-life care in children: the Brazilian and the international perspectives

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Analisar as práticas médicas e os cuidados de final de vida oferecidos a crianças internadas em unidades de tratamento intensivo pediátrico em diferentes regiões do planeta. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foram selecionados artigos sobre cuidados de final de vida publicados nos últimos 20 anos nas bases de dados PubMed, MEDLINE e LILACS, com ênfase nos estudos sobre morte em unidades de tratamento intensivo pediátrico no Brasil, América Latina, Europa e América do Norte, usando as seguintes palavras-chave: morte, bioética, tratamento intensivo pediátrico, reanimação cardiopulmonar e limitação de suporte de vida. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Observa-se uma concentração de publicações sobre limitação de suporte de vida (LSV) na América do Norte e Europa. Nas unidades de tratamento intensivo pediátrico norte-americanas, observa-se uma maior incidência de LSV (~ 60%) do que na Europa e América Latina (30-40%). Essas diferenças parecem estar relacionadas a fatores culturais, religiosos, legais e econômicos. Na última década, a LSV em unidades de tratamento intensivo pediátrico brasileiras aumentou de 6 para 40%, sendo a ordem de não reanimar a forma mais freqüente. Destaca-se, ainda, a pequena participação da família no processo decisório. Recente resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina normatiza a LSV em nosso meio, desmistificando alguns receios de ordem legal. Os autores apresentam uma proposta de protocolo a ser seguido nesta eventualidade. CONCLUSÕES: Adoção de LSV em crianças em fase final de doença irreversível tem amparo ético, moral e legal. No Brasil, essas medidas são ainda adotadas de forma tímida, exigindo uma mudança de comportamento, especialmente no envolvimento da família no processo decisório.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To analyze the medical practices and the end-of-life care provided to children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in different parts of the globe. SOURCES: Articles on end-of-life care published during the last 20 years were selected from the PubMed, MEDLINE and LILACS databases, with emphasis on studies of death in pediatric intensive care units in Brazil, Latin America, Europe and North America, using the following keywords: death, bioethics, pediatric intensive care, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and life support limitation. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Publications on life support limitation (LSL) are concentrated in North America and Europe. In North American pediatric intensive care units there is a greater incidence of LSL (~ 60%) than in Europe or Latin America (30-40%). These differences appear to be related to cultural, religious, legal and economic factors. Over the last decade, LSL in Brazilian pediatric intensive care units has increased from 6 to 40%, with do not resuscitate orders as the most common method. Also of note is the low level of family participation in the decision-making process. A recent resolution adopted by the Federal Medical Council (Conselho Federal de Medicina) regulated LSL in our country, demystifying a certain apprehension of a legal nature. The authors present a proposal for a protocol to be followed in these cases. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of LSL with children in the final phases of irreversible diseases has ethical, moral and legal support. In Brazil, these measures are still being adopted in a timid manner, demanding a change in behavior, especially in the involvement of families in the decision-making process.

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          Forgoing life support in western European intensive care units: the results of an ethical questionnaire.

          To determine current views of European intensive care physicians regarding end-of-life decisions. A questionnaire was sent to all physician members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. All questionnaires were anonymous. A total of 504 completed questionnaires from 16 western European countries were analyzed. Eighty-seven percent of the respondents were male. Forty-six percent of respondents said that intensive care unit admissions were generally or commonly affected by bed shortages, particularly in the south. Nevertheless, 73% of units frequently admit patients with no hope of survival, although only 33% of respondents felt that such patients should be admitted. Eighty percent of respondents felt that written do-not-resuscitate orders should be applied, but only 58% did so, with a wide variation according to country (from 8% in Italy to 91% in The Netherlands). Ninety-three percent of physicians sometimes withhold treatment from patients with no hope of a meaningful life, but withdrawal of treatment is less common. Forty percent of respondents said that they would deliberately administer large doses of drugs to such patients until death ensued. Forty-nine percent of respondents involved staff, patients, and family in end-of-life decisions. Forty-five percent of respondents felt that an ethics consultation was useful in such situations. Physicians in the countries of southern Europe were less likely than those in the north to apply do-not-resuscitate orders, withhold treatment, and discuss such issues with the patients. However, they were more likely to value the opinion of an ethics consultant. Intensive care unit admissions are frequently limited by the availability of beds across Europe, particularly in the south and in the United Kingdom, yet 73% of intensivists still admit patients with no hope of survival. When treating patients with no hope of survival, 40% of intensivists will deliberately administer large doses of drugs until death ensues. There are interesting differences between what a physician actually does and what he or she believes should be done with regard to various ethical questions. Important differences in attitudes also exist between European countries.
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            The spiritual needs of parents at the time of their child's death in the pediatric intensive care unit and during bereavement: a qualitative study.

            Death is common in pediatric intensive care units. A child's death can shatter parents' personal identities, disrupt their relationships, and challenge their worldviews. Spirituality is a human characteristic that engenders transcendence; seeks meaning, purpose, and connection to others; and helps to construct a coherent worldview. Greater attention to spiritual needs may help parents cope with their loss. Our objective is to gain a deeper understanding of parents' spiritual needs during their child's death and bereavement. Prospective, qualitative study. University-affiliated children's hospital. Thirty-three parents of 26 children who died in the pediatric intensive care unit between January 1, 1999, and August 31, 2000. Semistructured, in-depth, videotaped interviews with parents 2 yrs after their child's death. The main spiritual need described by parents was that of maintaining connection with their child. Parents maintained connection at the time of death by physical presence. Parents maintained connection after the death through memories, mementos, memorials, and altruistic acts such as organ donation, volunteer work, charitable fund raising, support group development, and adoption. Other spiritual needs included the need for truth; compassion; prayer, ritual, and sacred texts; connection with others; bereavement support; gratitude; meaning and purpose; trust; anger and blame; and dignity. Bereaved parents have intense spiritual needs. Health care providers can help to support parents' spiritual needs through words and actions that demonstrate a caring presence, impart truth, and foster trust; by providing opportunity to stay connected with the child at the time of death; and by creating memories that will bring comfort in the future.
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              Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre )
                1678-4782
                May 2007
                : 83
                : 2 suppl
                : S109-S116
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [2 ] Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [3 ] Hospital Le Kremlin Bicêtre França
                [4 ] Hospital Le Kremlin Bicêtre França
                [5 ] Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [6 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [7 ] Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [8 ] Hospital Le Kremlin Bicêtre França
                [9 ] Hospital Le Kremlin Bicêtre França
                Article
                S0021-75572007000300013
                10.1590/S0021-75572007000300013
                97b72f23-a5c8-4908-8794-6d5b04a77983

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-7557&lng=en
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Death,limitation of life support,pediatric intensive care,medical ethics,Morte,limitação de suporte vital,terapia intensiva pediátrica,ética médica

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