Resistance exercise effects on hippocampus subfield volumes and biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation in older adults with low and high risk of mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial

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Abstract

Physical exercise is suggested to promote hippocampal neuroplasticity by increasing circulating neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors. Our aim was to explore the interplay between the effect of progressive resistance exercise on blood biomarker levels, hippocampal neurometabolite levels and hippocampal volume in older adults with a low compared to a high risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Seventy apparently healthy male/female older adults (aged 60–85 years old) were randomly allocated to a 12 week lower limb progressive resistance or no intervention, stratified for low (< 26/30) or high (≥ 26/30) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, indicating MCI risk. Outcome measures were blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) or kynurenine (KYN); hippocampal total and subfield volumes of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and 4 (CA4), subiculum, presubiculum, and dentate gyrus measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and hippocampus neurometabolites including total N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mIns), and total creatine (Cr) measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( ¹H-MRS). We evaluated the intervention effect, cognitive status effect, their interaction and the bivariate relationship between exercise-induced changes between the outcome measures. Higher kynurenine levels (p = 0.015) and lower subiculum volumes (p = 0.043) were found in older adults with high MCI risk compared to older adults with low MCI risk. Exercise-induced CA1 volume changes were negatively correlated with hippocampal tNAA/mIns level changes (r = -0.605, p = 0.006). This study provides valuable insight in the multifactorial processes related to resistance training in older adults with low or high MCI risk.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11357-024-01110-6.

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Most cited references 71

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In this paper we extend the "network theory of aging," and we argue that a global reduction in the capacity to cope with a variety of stressors and a concomitant progressive increase in proinflammatory status are major characteristics of the aging process. This phenomenon, which we will refer to as "inflamm-aging," is provoked by a continuous antigenic load and stress. On the basis of evolutionary studies, we also argue that the immune and the stress responses are equivalent and that antigens are nothing other than particular types of stressors. We also propose to return macrophage to its rightful place as central actor not only in the inflammatory response and immunity, but also in the stress response. The rate of reaching the threshold of proinflammatory status over which diseases/disabilities ensue and the individual capacity to cope with and adapt to stressors are assumed to be complex traits with a genetic component. Finally, we argue that the persistence of inflammatory stimuli over time represents the biologic background (first hit) favoring the susceptibility to age-related diseases/disabilities. A second hit (absence of robust gene variants and/or presence of frail gene variants) is likely necessary to develop overt organ-specific age-related diseases having an inflammatory pathogenesis, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes. Following this perspective, several paradoxes of healthy centenarians (increase of plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, and coagulation factors) are illustrated and explained. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of inflammation devoted to the neutralization of dangerous/harmful agents early in life and in adulthood become detrimental late in life in a period largely not foreseen by evolution, according to the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging.

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Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.

K. I. Erickson, M. Voss, R Prakash … (2011)

The hippocampus shrinks in late adulthood, leading to impaired memory and increased risk for dementia. Hippocampal and medial temporal lobe volumes are larger in higher-fit adults, and physical activity training increases hippocampal perfusion, but the extent to which aerobic exercise training can modify hippocampal volume in late adulthood remains unknown. Here we show, in a randomized controlled trial with 120 older adults, that aerobic exercise training increases the size of the anterior hippocampus, leading to improvements in spatial memory. Exercise training increased hippocampal volume by 2%, effectively reversing age-related loss in volume by 1 to 2 y. We also demonstrate that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF, a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampal volume declined in the control group, but higher preintervention fitness partially attenuated the decline, suggesting that fitness protects against volume loss. Caudate nucleus and thalamus volumes were unaffected by the intervention. These theoretically important findings indicate that aerobic exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal volume loss in late adulthood, which is accompanied by improved memory function.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Wouter A. J. Vints:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4949

w.vints@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): GeroScience

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Geroscience

Title: GeroScience

Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )

ISSN (Print): 2509-2715

ISSN (Electronic): 2509-2723

Publication date (Electronic): 13 March 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 13 March 2024

Publication date Collection: August 2024

Volume: 46

Issue: 4

Pages: 3971-3991

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, ( https://ror.org/00hxk7s55) Kaunas, Lithuania

[2 ]Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, ( https://ror.org/02jz4aj89) Maastricht, The Netherlands

[3 ]Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands

[4 ]Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, ( https://ror.org/03nadee84) Vilnius, Lithuania

[5 ]GRID grid.512925.8, ISNI 0000 0004 7592 6297, Sports Rehabilitation Laboratory, , Ankara City Hospital, ; 06800 Ankara, Turkey

[6 ]Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, ( https://ror.org/0069bkg23) Kaunas, Lithuania

[7 ]Motor Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, ( https://ror.org/05f950310) Heverlee, Belgium

Author information

Wouter A. J. Vints http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4949

Article

Publisher ID: 1110

DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01110-6

PMC ID: 11226571

PubMed ID: 38478179

SO-VID: 98190ea9-5836-4978-8c78-67b5db3c6f1b

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 18 October 2023

Date accepted : 25 February 2024

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004504, Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba;

Award ID: S-MIP-21-37

Award Recipient : Nerijus Masiulis

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Keywords: hippocampus,cognitive aging,myokines,resistance exercise,neurotrophic factor,inflammation

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Keywords: hippocampus, cognitive aging, myokines, resistance exercise, neurotrophic factor, inflammation

Resistance exercise effects on hippocampus subfield volumes and biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation in older adults with low and high risk of mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial

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Most cited references 71

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.

Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence.

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.

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