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      Síndrome de Lennox Gastaut: Aproximación diagnóstica y avances terapéuticos: Fármacos antiepilépticos, Canabidiol y otras alternativas Translated title: Lennox Gastaut Syndrome: Diagnosis approach and therapeutics advances: Antiepileptic drugs, cannabidiol and other alternatives

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          Abstract

          El Síndrome de Lennox Gastaut es una encefalopatía epiléptica catastrófica de inicio en la infancia con características electro-clínicas definidas de la siguiente manera: 1) presencia de múltiples tipos de crisis epilépticas especialmente tónicas; 2) deterioro cognitivo asociado a cambios conductuales; 3) presencia de complejos punta- onda lenta generalizados en el electroencefalograma (EEG) y paroxismos generalizados de actividad rítmica rápida durante el sueño. Su etiología puede ser estructural o genética (antes denominadas sintomáticas y criptogénicas, respectivamente). El diagnóstico inicial puede ser difícil ya que con frecuencia no se identifican todos los criterios al comienzo del cuadro y el diferencial considera otros síndromes epilépticos de inicio en la infancia, tales como las epilepsias mioclónicas. El tratamiento es muy complejo, se carece de guías definidas de práctica clínica, por lo cual la experiencia de expertos es relevante. Se sugiere inicio de medicación con valproato. Lamotrigina, felbamato, topiramato, rufinamida y clobazam son los fármacos de elección de segunda línea aprobados por la Administración Federal de Alimentos y Drogas de los Estados Unidos. (FDA). El manejo quirúrgico incluye cirugía resectiva y callosotomía total o parcial. Otras alternativas son estimulación del Nervio Vago, dieta cetogénica, estimulación cerebral profunda y el uso médico de cannabis.

          Translated abstract

          Lennox Gastaut syndrome is a catastrophic childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy that presents a variety of electroclinical features: 1) Multiple seizure types, particularly tonic ones; 2) Cognitive impairment associated with behavioral disturbances; 3) Slow spike-wave complex on electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, and generalized fast rhythms during sleep. The syndrome’s etiology can be structural or genetic. Diagnosis at the time of clinical onset may be a challenge as not all criteria are met and there may not be a full picture; the differential diagnosis should consider childhood-onset myoclonic epilepsies. Treatment is equally complex as there are no clinically practical guidelines, reason for which experts’ opinions must be sought. Initial treatment with valproic acid is suggested. Lamotrigine, felbamate, topiramate and clobazam are second line agents approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Surgical management may include resective surgery and/or corpus callosotomy (complete or partial). Other alternatives include Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), ketogenic diet, Deep Brain Stimulation and Cannabis-based treatment.

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          Most cited references40

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          Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

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            Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach on diagnosis, assessment, management, and trial methodology.

            Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is one of the most severe epileptic encephalopathies of childhood onset. The cause of this syndrome can be symptomatic (ie, secondary to an underlying brain disorder) or cryptogenic (ie, has no known cause). Although Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is commonly characterised by a triad of signs, which include multiple seizure types, slow spike-wave complexes on electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, and impairment of cognitive function, there is debate with regard to the precise limits, cause, and diagnosis of the syndrome. Tonic seizures, which are thought to be a characteristic sign of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, are not present at onset and the EEG features are not pathognomonic of the disorder. There are few effective treatment options for the multiple seizures and comorbidities, and the long-term outlook is poor for most patients. Probably as a result of the complexity of the disorder, only a few randomised trials have studied Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and thus many of the drugs that are more commonly used have little or no supporting evidence base from controlled trials. In this Review, we discuss the main issues with regard to the diagnosis and treatment options available. We also suggest key considerations for future trials and highlight the importance of a comprehensive approach to the assessment and management of this syndrome.
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              Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rnp
                Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría
                Rev Neuropsiquiatr
                Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Facultad de Medicina (Lima, , Peru )
                0034-8597
                April 2018
                : 81
                : 2
                : 82-94
                Affiliations
                [01] Lima orgnameHospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins orgdiv1Departamento de Neurología Perú
                [02] London Ontario orgnameWestern University orgdiv1Epilepsy Program Canada
                Article
                S0034-85972018000200005
                10.20453/rnp.v81i2.3337
                9823aab5-dc64-4e38-8966-dc1d156adb33

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 November 2017
                : 08 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Artículos de revisión

                Lennox-Gastaut,epilepsia refractaria,Cannabidiol,fast rhythms,tonic seizure,refractory epilepsy,canabidiol,paroxismos de actividad rápida,crisis tónicas

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