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      Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies

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          Abstract

          Diet is a major lifestyle-related risk factor of various chronic diseases. Dietary intake can be assessed by subjective report and objective observation. Subjective assessment is possible using open-ended surveys such as dietary recalls or records, or using closed-ended surveys including food frequency questionnaires. Each method has inherent strengths and limitations. Continued efforts to improve the accuracy of dietary intake assessment and enhance its feasibility in epidemiological studies have been made. This article reviews common dietary assessment methods and their feasibility in epidemiological studies.

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          A Dish-based Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessment of Dietary Intakes in Epidemiologic Studies in Iran: Design and Development

          AH Keshteli, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Somayeh Rajaie … (2014)
          Background: Earlier forms of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used in Iran have extensive lists of foods, traditional categories and food-based design, mostly with the interviewer-administered approach. The aim of the current paper is to describe the development of a dish-based, machine-readable, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (DFQ). Methods: Within the framework of the Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological, Alimentary Health and Nutrition project, we created a novel FFQ using Harvard FFQ as a model. Results: The following steps were taken to develop the questionnaire: Construction of a list of commonly consumed Iranian foods, definition of portion sizes, design of response options for consumption frequency of each food item and finally a pilot test of the preliminary DFQ. From a comprehensive list of foods and mixed dishes, we included those that were nutrient-rich, consumed reasonably often or contributed to between-person variations. We focused on mixed dishes, rather than their ingredients, along with foods. To shorten the list, the related food items or mixed dishes were categorized together in one food group. These exclusions resulted in a list of 106 foods or dishes in the questionnaire. The portion sizes used in the FFQ were obtained from our earlier studies that used dietary recalls and food records. The frequency response options for the food list varied from 6-9 choices from “never or less than once a month” to “12 or more times per day”. Conclusions: The DFQ could be a reasonable dietary assessment tool for future epidemiological studies in the country. Validation studies are required to assess the validity and reliability of this newly developed questionnaire.
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            A Review of Food Frequency Questionnaires Developed 
and Validated in Japan

            Kenji Wakai (2009)
            Background The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) has been used throughout the world for epidemiological purposes. Because dietary habits vary greatly, the FFQ must be tailored for use with specific populations. The usefulness of FFQs in Japan was assessed by reviewing questionnaires developed and validated in that country. Methods A literature search was conducted to identify articles on the development and/or validation of FFQs for Japanese populations. For each FFQ identified, validation studies were used to abstract its characteristics and information. The correlation coefficients between diet records (DRs) and FFQ estimates and those between the same FFQs completed twice were used to evaluate validity and reproducibility, respectively, of the questionnaires. Results Twenty-one eligible FFQs were identified. They were found to be reasonably valid and reproducible. The median of correlation coefficients between DRs and FFQs ranged from 0.31 to 0.56 for target nutrients, and that between the same FFQs completed twice within a period of 9 months to 1 year ranged from 0.50 to 0.72. Relatively poor validity was found for FFQ estimates on consumption of potatoes, seaweed, sodium, niacin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. For the purpose of analysis, FFQs were divided into long FFQs (97 or more food items) and short FFQs (<70 items); the former had slightly higher validity. Conclusion FFQs are useful for assessing dietary intake in Japan, although careful consideration is required for the food groups and nutrients for which FFQs had low validity.
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              The contribution of diet and lifestyle to socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

              Caroline Méjean, Mariël Droomers, Yvonne van der Schouw … (2013)
              The role of differences in diet on the relationship between socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular diseases remains unclear. We studied the contribution of diet and other lifestyle factors to the explanation of socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular diseases. We prospectively examined the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke events amongst 33,106 adults of the EPIC-NL cohort. Education and employment status indicated socioeconomic status. We used Cox proportional models to estimate hazard ratios ((HR (95% confidence intervals)) for the association of socioeconomic factors with CHD and stroke and the contribution of diet and lifestyle. During 12 years of follow-up, 1617 cases of CHD and 531 cases of stroke occurred. The risks of CHD and stroke were higher in lowest (HR=1.98 (1.67;2.35); HR=1.55 (1.15;2.10)) and lower (HR=1.50 (1.29;1.75); HR=1.42 (1.08;1.86)) educated groups than in the highest. Unemployed and retired subjects more often suffered from CHD (HR=1.37 (1.19;1.58); HR=1.20 (1.05;1.37), respectively), but not from stroke, than the employed. Diet and lifestyle, mainly smoking and alcohol, explained more than 70% of the educational differences in CHD and stroke and 65% of employment status variation in CHD. Diet explained more than other lifestyle factors of educational and employment status differences in CHD and stroke (36% to 67% vs. 9% to 27%). The socioeconomic distribution of diet, smoking and alcohol consumption largely explained the inequalities in CHD and stroke in the Netherlands. These findings need to be considered when developing policies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular diseases. © 2013.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Epidemiol Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Epidemiol Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EPIH
                Title: Epidemiology and Health
                Publisher: Korean Society of Epidemiology
                ISSN (Electronic): 2092-7193
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 July 2014
                Volume: 36
                Electronic Location Identifier: e2014009
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                [2 ]Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Hyeon Chang Kim Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea Tel: +82-2-2228-1873, Fax: +82-2-392-8133 E-mail: hckim@ 123456yuhs.ac
                Article
                Publisher ID: epih-36-e2014009
                DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2014009
                PMC ID: 4154347
                PubMed ID: 25078382
                SO-VID: 98369bcf-d617-44ec-81ba-a9a66daf6d56
                Copyright © ©2014, Korean Society of Epidemiology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 2 June 2014
                Date accepted : 22 July 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: dietary assessment,food frequency questionnaire,24-hour dietary recall,dietary record
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: dietary assessment, food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour dietary recall, dietary record

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