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      Evaluation of the entrustable professional activities (EPAs) of the population health promoter domain by North Dakota pharmacists

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are a list of professional tasks that pharmacy educational organizations support, and accreditation organizations encourage, for assessment by colleges and schools of pharmacy.

          Objective:

          This manuscript evaluates the perceived frequency of performing EPAs in the population health promoter (PHP) domain among pharmacists practicing in North Dakota.

          Methods:

          This survey evaluated the self-reported EPA activities of registered pharmacists living and practicing in North Dakota. For EPAs and supporting tasks in the 6 domains (including the PHP domain), respondents were asked to self-report the number of times during the last 30 days that they perform the task, using a 6 point response scale (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more times). There were 990 pharmacists surveyed, and 457 (46.1%) of pharmacists responded.

          Results:

          Within the PHP domain, pharmacists reported performing “Minimize adverse drug events and medication errors” most frequently (mean=3.4, SD=2.0), followed by “Ensure that patients have been immunized against vaccine-preventable diseases” (mean=2.3, SD 2.3), “Maximize the appropriate use of medications in a population” (mean=2.2, SD 2.3), and “Identify patients at risk for prevalent diseases in a population” (mean=1.3, SD=1.9). In these Core EPAs PHP domains, the clinical pharmacists reported the highest level, followed by pharmacy managers and staff pharmacists.

          Conclusions:

          Pharmacists in North Dakota currently perform some population health promoter activities, but not at a consistent and high level. Most of the health prevention activities were medication-related and oriented towards individual patients (micro-level), rather than at a community (population-based) macro-level.

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          Most cited references27

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          Entrustability of professional activities and competency-based training.

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            Competency-based postgraduate training: can we bridge the gap between theory and clinical practice?

            The introduction of competency-based postgraduate medical training, as recently stimulated by national governing bodies in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and other countries, is a major advancement, but at the same time it evokes critical issues of curricular implementation. A source of concern is the translation of general competencies into the practice of clinical teaching. The authors observe confusion around the term competency, which may have adverse effects when a teaching and assessment program is to be designed. This article aims to clarify the competency terminology. To connect the ideas behind a competency framework with the work environment of patient care, the authors propose to analyze the critical activities of professional practice and relate these to predetermined competencies. The use of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and statements of awarded responsibility (STARs) may bridge a potential gap between the theory of competency-based education and clinical practice. EPAs reflect those activities that together constitute the profession. Carrying out most of these EPAs requires the possession of several competencies. The authors propose not to go to great lengths to assess competencies as such, in the way they are abstractly defined in competency frameworks but, instead, to focus on the observation of concrete critical clinical activities and to infer the presence of multiple competencies from several observed activities. Residents may then be awarded responsibility for EPAs. This can serve to move toward competency-based training, in which a flexible length of training is possible and the outcome of training becomes more important than its length.
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              Best practices for survey research reports: a synopsis for authors and reviewers.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Pharm Pract (Granada)
                Pharm Pract (Granada)
                Pharmacy Practice
                Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmaceuticas
                1885-642X
                1886-3655
                Jul-Sep 2020
                12 August 2020
                : 18
                : 3
                : 1980
                Affiliations
                BPharm, MPH, PhD. Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University . Fargo, ND (United States). david.scott@ 123456ndsu.edu
                PharmD, BCPS. Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University . Fargo, ND (United States). michael.kelsch@ 123456ndsu.edu
                PhD. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University , Washington, DC United States). azhang2@ 123456childrensnational.org
                PhD. Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University . Fargo, ND (United States). daniel.friesner@ 123456ndsu.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-6760
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2903-1938
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9891-1579
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1095-345X
                Article
                pharmpract-18-1980
                10.18549/PharmPract.2020.3.1980
                7427612
                98381aee-2dec-47c9-ae62-dae212570124
                Copyright: © Pharmacy Practice and the Authors

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 May 2020
                : 09 August 2020
                Categories
                Original Research

                pharmacists,students, pharmacy,education, pharmacy,schools, pharmacy,accreditation,competency-based education,internship, nonmedical,pharmacies,medication errors,population health,north dakota

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