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      Fecal microbiota of different reproductive stages of the central population of the lesser-long nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae

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          Abstract

          In this study we analyzed the microbiota composition of fecal samples from the lesser-long nosed bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae in different reproductive stages (juveniles and adult bats of both sexes as well as pregnant and lactating females). The V4 region of the 16s rRNA gene from 33 individuals was analyzed using alpha and beta diversity metrics. We found that microbiota diversity (expressed in Amplicon Sequence Variants) is higher in pregnant and lactating females. The microbiota of the juveniles and non-reproductive adults was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. Reproductive females had a much more diverse microbiota, with a significant increase in phyla such as Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria. There was no difference in fecal microbiota diversity between pregnant and lactating females and juveniles and non-reproductive adults. Results suggest that differences in microbiota diversity are related to reproduction. We infer that males maintain stable microbiota composition because they do not undergo the large physiological changes that females do during reproduction and maintain a more specialized diet throughout all life stages.

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          The microbiome and innate immunity.

          The intestinal microbiome is a signalling hub that integrates environmental inputs, such as diet, with genetic and immune signals to affect the host's metabolism, immunity and response to infection. The haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells of the innate immune system are located strategically at the host-microbiome interface. These cells have the ability to sense microorganisms or their metabolic products and to translate the signals into host physiological responses and the regulation of microbial ecology. Aberrations in the communication between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota might contribute to complex diseases.
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            Molecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biota.

            The microbial ecology of human skin is complex, but little is known about its species composition. We examined the diversity of the skin biota from the superficial volar left and right forearms in six healthy subjects using broad-range small subunit rRNA genes (16S rDNA) PCR-based sequencing of randomly selected clones. For the initial 1,221 clones analyzed, 182 species-level operational taxonomic units (SLOTUs) belonging to eight phyla were identified, estimated as 74.0% [95% confidence interval (C.I.), approximately 64.8-77.9%] of the SLOTUs in this ecosystem; 48.0 +/- 12.2 SLOTUs were found in each subject. Three phyla (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) accounted for 94.6% of the clones. Most (85.3%) of the bacterial sequences corresponded to known and cultivated species, but 98 (8.0%) clones, comprising 30 phylotypes, had <97% similarity to prior database sequences. Only 6 (6.6%) of the 91 genera and 4 (2.2%) of the 182 SLOTUs, respectively, were found in all six subjects. Analysis of 817 clones obtained 8-10 months later from four subjects showed additional phyla (numbering 2), genera (numbering 28), and SLOTUs (numbering 65). Only four (3.4%) of the 119 genera (Propionibacteria, Corynebacteria, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus) were observed in each subject tested twice, but these genera represented 54.4% of all clones. These results show that the bacterial biota in normal superficial skin is highly diverse, with few well conserved and well represented genera, but otherwise low-level interpersonal consensus.
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              Oral microbial communities in sickness and in health.

              The relationship between humans and their oral microflora begins shortly after birth and lasts a lifetime. Up until fairly recently, the associations between the host and oral bacteria were considered in terms of a multiplicity of single species interactions. However, it is becoming more apparent that the oral microbes comprise a complex community, and that oral health or disease depends on the interface between the host and the microbial community as a whole. Although it is important to continue studies of the pathogenic properties of specific microbes, these are relevant only in the context of the properties of the community within which they reside. Understanding the microbial communities that drive sickness or health is a key to combating human oral diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                18 July 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 7
                : e0219982
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City, México
                [2 ] Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
                [3 ] Consorcio de Investigación del Golfo de México (CIGOM), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Mérida, Yucatán, México
                Kyoto University, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-9884
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-0483
                Article
                PONE-D-19-01528
                10.1371/journal.pone.0219982
                6639036
                31318946
                9864957a-5774-4e1e-95f2-86f03e0a6d7e
                © 2019 Gaona et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 17 January 2019
                : 5 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 2, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: SEP-CONACyT
                Award ID: 254962
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Soluciones Ambientales ITZENI AC
                Award ID: No. 17
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006087, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México;
                Award Recipient :
                Funding for this work was provided by SEP-CONACyT No. 254962 (LIF) and Soluciones Ambientales Itzeni AC. E.S.G.A. received a postdoctoral grant from Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico de la Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (DGAPA, UNAM).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Genomics
                Microbial Genomics
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Microbial Genomics
                Microbiome
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Maternal Health
                Pregnancy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Pregnancy
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Bats
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Gut Bacteria
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Lactation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Lactation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Lactation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Lactation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Lactation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Custom metadata
                The sequence data are available from the NCBI Bioproject number PRJNA508738 with accession numbers SRR8303327 to SRR8303359.

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