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      The Burden of Frailty on Mood, Cognition, Quality of Life, and Level of Independence in Patients on Hemodialysis: Regina Hemodialysis Frailty Study

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          Abstract

          Background:

          The prevalence of frailty is disproportionately increased in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in comparison with non-CKD counterparts and is the highest in patients on hemodialysis (HD). While the cross-sectional measurement of frailty on HD has been associated with adverse clinical events, there is a paucity of data on longitudinal assessment of frailty and its relationship to outcomes.

          Objective:

          The objectives were to (1) evaluate changes in frailty status, level of independence, mood, cognition, and quality of life (QoL) over a 12-month period and (2) explore the relationship between frailty status and level of independence, mood, cognition, and QoL at 2 different time points (at baseline and at 1 year).

          Design:

          This is a prospective cohort study involving 100 prevalent HD patients.

          Setting:

          Regina General Hospital and Wascana Dialysis Unit in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, between January 2015 and January 2017.

          Patients:

          One hundred prevalent HD patients underwent frailty assessments using the Fried criteria at baseline and 1 year later.

          Measurements:

          Frailty was assessed using the Fried criteria, which included assessments of unintentional weight loss, weakness (handgrip strength), slowness (walking speed), and questionnaires for physical activity and self-perceived exhaustion. Cognition, mood, and QoL were measured using questionnaires (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA], Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS], and EuroQol [EQ-5D] utility scores and visual analog scale [VAS], respectively).

          Methods:

          Frailty status was reported as a binary variable: frail vs. nonfrail (prefrail and robust). Differences across baseline and 1-year groups were assessed using McNemar’s test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, as appropriate. We assessed the differences between frail and nonfrail groups using the Mann–Whitney U test or chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test where appropriate.

          Results:

          Ninety-seven of the 100 patients had complete initial assessments. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) duration of dialysis at baseline was 35.5 (13.75-71.75 months). One year later, 22 had died, 10 refused assessments, and 3 had relocated. In comparison with baseline vs 1 year, the number of frail patients was 68.1% vs. 67.7%; prefrail 26.8% vs. 26.1%; robust 5.1% vs. 6.2%; MoCA ≥24, 69% vs. 64.5%; GDS score ≥ 2, 52.8% vs. 47.7%; median EQ-5D utility score 0.81 vs. 0.77; and median EQ-VAS 60 vs. 50. Similarly, in comparison with baseline vs. 1 year, the number of independent patients was 82% vs. 63%, independent with support 17% vs. 31%, and long-term care home 0% vs. 3.1%. Eighteen of the 22 patients (82%) who died were frail. At 1 year, the median (IQR) MoCA was 24 (19-25) vs. 25 (21-26; P = .039) and median (IQR) GDS was 2 (1-3) vs. 1(0-2; P = .034). Likewise, median (IQR) EQ-5D utility score was 0.78 (0.6-0.82) vs. 0.81 (0.78-0.85; P = .023). There were significant changes in self-care (27% vs. 0%), P = 0.006, and daily activities (68.2% vs. 38.1%), P = 0.021.

          Limitations:

          This is a single-center study, so direct inferences must be interpreted in the context of the demographics of the study population. Patients were undergoing dialysis for a median of 36 months before undergoing initial assessment.

          Conclusions:

          Frailty and prefrailty in our dialysis patients is near-ubiquitous and will need to be proactively addressed to improve subsequent health care outcomes.

          Abrégé

          Contexte:

          La prévalence de la fragilité augmente de façon disproportionnée chez les patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) comparativement aux patients non-IRC, et est encore plus élevée chez les patients hémodialysés. Bien que la mesure transversale de la fragilité en hémodialyse soit associée à des événements cliniques indésirables, très peu de données existent sur cette mesure et sur son lien avec les résultats.

          Objectifs:

          Les objectifs étaient: 1) évaluer les changements dans l’état de fragilité, le niveau d’indépendance, l’humeur, la cognition et la qualité de vie (QdV) sur une période de 12 mois et; 2) explorer la relation entre l’état de fragilité et ces mêmes facteurs à deux moments précis, soit à l’inclusion et après un an.

          Type d’étude:

          Étude de cohorte prospective portant sur 100 patients hémodialysés.

          Cadre:

          L’hôpital général et l’unité de dialyse Wascana Dialysis de Régina, en Saskatchewan (Canada) entre janvier 2015 et janvier 2017.

          Sujets:

          Les critères de Fried ont servi à évaluer la fragilité de 100 patients hémodialysés à l’inclusion et après douze mois.

          Mesures:

          La fragilité a été évaluée selon les critères de Fried, soit un questionnaire mesurant l’activité physique et le niveau d’épuisement perçu, ainsi que des évaluations pour une perte de poids involontaire, la faiblesse (force de préhension) et la lenteur (vitesse de marche). Des questionnaires ont servi à évaluer la cognition ( Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), l’humeur (échelle de dépression gériatrique [EDG]) et la QdV (scores d’utilité de l’EuroQol [EQ-5D] et échelle analogue visuelle [VAS]).

          Méthodologie:

          La fragilité a été rapportée comme une variable binaire: fragile ou non fragile (préfragile et robuste). Les différences de fragilité entre l’inclusion et un an ont été déterminées par le test McNemar ou par le test de rang de Wilcoxon, selon le cas. Les différences entre les groupes fragiles et non fragiles ont été déterminées par le test U de Mann–Whitney U test ou le test de Chi-Deux/test exact de probabilité de Fisher, le cas échéant.

          Résultats:

          Sur les 100 sujets retenus, 97 avaient complété les évaluations initiales. À l’inclusion, les patients étaient en hémodialyse depuis une période médiane (EIQ) de 35,5 mois (13,75 à 71,75 mois). Un an plus tard, 22 patients étaient décédés, dix ont refusé d’être évalués et trois étaient relocalisés. La proportion de patients jugés fragiles s’établissait à 68,1 % à l’inclusion et à 67,7 % après un an. Ces proportions étaient de 26,8 % contre 26,1 % pour les patients jugés préfragiles et de 5,1 % contre 6,2 % pour les patients robustes. Les patients avaient obtenu un score égal ou supérieur à 24 pour le MoCA dans une proportion de 69 % à l’inclusion contre 64,5 % un an plus tard. Ces mêmes proportions s’établissaient à 52,8 % contre 47,7 % pour un score égal ou supérieur à 2 pour l’EDG. La médiane du score d’utilité EQ-5D était de 0,81 à l’inclusion et de 0,77 un an plus tard, alors que le score médian à la VAS était de 60 contre 50. Parallèlement, la proportion de patients indépendants est passée de 82 % à l’inclusion à 63 % un an plus tard, les patients indépendants avec support sont passés de 17 à 31% et les patients en centre de soins de longue durée de 0 à 3,1 %. La grande majorité des patients décédés (18/22; 82%) étaient jugés fragiles. Après un an, le score médian (IQR) au MoCA était de 24 (19-25) pour les patients fragiles contre 25 (21-26), p=0.039 pour les non fragiles. Respectivement, le score médian (IQR) à l’EDG était de 2 (1-3) contre 1 (0-2), p=0,034, et la médiane (IQR) au score d’utilité EQ-5D était de 0,78 (0,6-0,82) contre 0,81 (0,78-0,85), p=0,023. Une différence significative a été observée dans l’autonomie des patients (27% contre 0%; p=0,006) et dans la capacité de vaquer aux activités quotidiennes (68,2 % contre 38,1 %; p=0,021).

          Limites:

          Il s’agit d’une étude monocentrique et ainsi, les interférences directes doivent être interprétées dans le contexte démographique de la population étudiée. Les patients étaient traités en hémodialyse depuis 36 mois (médiane) avant leur première évaluation.

          Conclusion:

          La fragilité et la préfragilité est omniprésente chez les patients hémodialysés et devra être adressée de façon proactive pour améliorer les résultats en santé.

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          Most cited references25

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Significance of frailty among dialysis patients.

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            Frailty, dialysis initiation, and mortality in end-stage renal disease.

            In light of the recent trend toward earlier dialysis initiation and its association with mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease, we hypothesized that frailty is associated with higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at dialysis start and may confound the relation between earlier dialysis initiation and mortality. We examined frailty among participants of the Comprehensive Dialysis Study (CDS), a special study of the US Renal Data System, which enrolled incident patients from September 1, 2005, through June 1, 2007. Patients were followed for vital status through September 30, 2009, and for time to first hospitalization through December 31, 2008. We used multivariate logistic regression to model the association of frailty with eGFR at dialysis start and proportional hazards regression to assess the outcomes of death or hospitalization. Among 1576 CDS participants included, the prevalence of frailty was 73%. In multivariate analysis, higher eGFR at dialysis initiation was associated with higher odds of frailty (odds ratio [OR], 1.44 [95% CI, 1.23-1.68] per 5 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P < .001). Frailty was independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.57 [95% CI, 1.25-1.97]; P < .001) and time to first hospitalization (HR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.09-1.45]; P < .001). While higher eGFR at dialysis initiation was associated with mortality (HR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.02-1.23] per 5 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P = .02), the association was no longer statistically significant after frailty was accounted for (HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.98-1.19] per 5 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P = .11). Frailty is extremely common among patients starting dialysis in the United States and is associated with higher eGFR at dialysis initiation. Recognition of signs and symptoms of frailty by clinicians may prompt earlier initiation of dialysis and may explain, at least in part, the well-described association between eGFR at dialysis initiation and mortality.
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              Effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training and targeted multidisciplinary treatment of frailty on mortality and nursing home admissions after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial.

              Excess mortality and residual disability are common after hip fracture. Twelve months of high-intensity weight-lifting exercise and targeted multidisciplinary interventions will result in lower mortality, nursing home admissions, and disability compared with usual care after hip fracture. Randomized, controlled, parallel-group superiority study. Outpatient clinic Patients (n = 124) admitted to public hospital for surgical repair of hip fracture between 2003 and 2007. Twelve months of geriatrician-supervised high-intensity weight-lifting exercise and targeted treatment of balance, osteoporosis, nutrition, vitamin D/calcium, depression, cognition, vision, home safety, polypharmacy, hip protectors, self-efficacy, and social support. Functional independence: mortality, nursing home admissions, basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs/IADLs), and assistive device utilization. Risk of death was reduced by 81% (age-adjusted OR [95% CI] = 0.19 [0.04-0.91]; P < .04) in the HIPFIT group (n = 4) compared with usual care controls (n = 8). Nursing home admissions were reduced by 84% (age-adjusted OR [95% CI] = 0.16 [0.04-0.64]; P < .01) in the experimental group (n = 5) compared with controls (n = 12). Basic ADLs declined less (P < .0001) and assistive device use was significantly lower at 12 months (P = .02) in the intervention group compared with controls. The targeted improvements in upper body strength, nutrition, depressive symptoms, vision, balance, cognition, self-efficacy, and habitual activity level were all related to ADL improvements (P < .0001-.02), and improvements in basic ADLs, vision, and walking endurance were associated with reduced nursing home use (P < .0001-.05). The HIPFIT intervention reduced mortality, nursing home admissions, and ADL dependency compared with usual care. Copyright © 2012 American Medical Directors Association, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                2 May 2020
                2020
                : 7
                : 2054358120917780
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dr. T. Bhanu Prasad Medical Professional Corporation, Regina, SK, Canada
                [2 ]Research and Innovation Center, University of Regina, SK, Canada
                [3 ]Department of Research, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Wascana Rehabilitation Centre, Regina, Canada
                [4 ]Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Regina General Hospital, SK, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Bhanu Prasad, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Regina General Hospital, 1440 14th Avenue, Regina, SK, Canada S4P 0W5. Email: bprasad@ 123456sasktel.net
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7261-2191
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-4821
                Article
                10.1177_2054358120917780
                10.1177/2054358120917780
                7218321
                32426148
                986b94ae-8def-46ef-bfd5-21608c8f8889
                © The Author(s) 2020

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 25 November 2019
                : 1 March 2020
                Categories
                Original Clinical Research
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2020
                ts1

                frailty,fried frailty criteria,hemodialysis,level of independence,mood,depression,cognition,quality of life (qol)

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