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      Treatment of anxiety disorders Translated title: Tratamiento de los trastornos de ansiedad Translated title: Traitement des troubles anxieux

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          Abstract

          Anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder/agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, and others) are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, and are associated with a high burden of illness. Anxiety disorders are often underrecognized and undertreated in primary care. Treatment is indicated when a patient shows marked distress or suffers from complications resulting from the disorder. The treatment recommendations given in this article are based on guidelines, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized controlled studies. Anxiety disorders should be treated with psychological therapy, pharmacotherapy, or a combination of both. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be regarded as the psychotherapy with the highest level of evidence. First-line drugs are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Benzodiazepines are not recommended for routine use. Other treatment options include pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants, buspirone, moclobemide, and others. After remission, medications should be continued for 6 to 12 months. When developing a treatment plan, efficacy, adverse effects, interactions, costs, and the preference of the patient should be considered.

          Translated abstract

          Los trastornos de ansiedad (trastorno de ansiedad generalizada, trastorno de pánicolagorafobia, trastorno de ansiedad social y otros) son los trastornos psiquiátricos más prevalentes y están asociados con una alta carga de enfermedad. En la atención primaria los trastornos de ansiedad tienen a menudo un bajo reconocimiento y son subtratados. La terapia se indica cuando un paciente muestra un marcado distrés causado por el trastorno o sufre por complicaciones debidas a él. Las recomendaciones terapéuticas que se entregan en este artículo están basadas en guías clínicas, estudios de meta-análisis, revisiones sistemáticas y estudios controlados randomizados. Los trastornos de ansiedad deben ser tratados con terapia psicológica, farmacoterapia ylo una combinacíon de ambas. La terapia cognitivo conductual puede ser considerada la psicoterapia con el mayor nivel de evidencia. Los fármacos de primera línea son los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptura de serotonina y los inhibidores de la recaptura de serotonina/noradrenalina. No se recomiendan las benzodiacepinas para un empleo rutinario. Otras opciones terapéuticas incluyen pregabalina, antidepresivos tricíclicos, buspirona, moclobemide y otros. Después de la remisión, los medicamentos deben continuarse por unos 6 a 12 meses. Cuando se desarrolla un plan terapéutico se debe considerar la eficacia, los efectos adversos, las interacciones, los costos y la preferencia del paciente.

          Translated abstract

          Les troubles anxieux (anxiété généralisée, trouble panique/agoraphobie, anxiété sociale et autres) sont les troubles psychiatriques les plus prévalents et ils s'associent à une morbidité importante. Les troubles anxieux sont souvent peu reconnus et peu traités en soins primaires. Le traitement est indiqué quand ces troubles causent une détresse manifeste chez le patient ou lorsqu'il souffre de complications. Les conseils de traitement donnés dans cet article sont basés sur des recommandations, des métaanalyses et des revues systématiques d'études contrôlées randomisées. Les troubles anxieux doivent être soignés par un traitement psychologique, une pharmacothérapie, ou une association des deux. Le traitement cognitivo-comportemental est considéré comme la psychothérapie ayant niveau de preuve le plus élevé. Les inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine et les inhibiteurs de la recapture de la sérotonine et de la noradrénaline sont les médicaments de première ligne. Les benzodiazépines ne sont pas recommandées en routine. La prégabaline, les antidépresseurs tricycliques, la buspirone, le moclobémide et d'autres sont d'autres traitements possibles. Les médicaments doivent être poursuivis 6 à 12 mois après la rémission. Lors de l'élaboration d'un plan de traitement, il faut tenir compte de l'efficacité, des effets indésirables, du coût et de la préférence du patient.

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          Most cited references91

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          Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States.

          Estimates of 12-month and lifetime prevalence and of lifetime morbid risk (LMR) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) anxiety and mood disorders are presented based on US epidemiological surveys among people aged 13+. The presentation is designed for use in the upcoming DSM-5 manual to provide more coherent estimates than would otherwise be available. Prevalence estimates are presented for the age groups proposed by DSM-5 workgroups as the most useful to consider for policy planning purposes. The LMR/12-month prevalence estimates ranked by frequency are as follows: major depressive episode: 29.9%/8.6%; specific phobia: 18.4/12.1%; social phobia: 13.0/7.4%; post-traumatic stress disorder: 10.1/3.7%; generalized anxiety disorder: 9.0/2.0%; separation anxiety disorder: 8.7/1.2%; panic disorder: 6.8%/2.4%; bipolar disorder: 4.1/1.8%; agoraphobia: 3.7/1.7%; obsessive-compulsive disorder: 2.7/1.2. Four broad patterns of results are most noteworthy: first, that the most common (lifetime prevalence/morbid risk) lifetime anxiety-mood disorders in the United States are major depression (16.6/29.9%), specific phobia (15.6/18.4%), and social phobia (10.7/13.0%) and the least common are agoraphobia (2.5/3.7%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (2.3/2.7%); second, that the anxiety-mood disorders with the earlier median ages-of-onset are phobias and separation anxiety disorder (ages 15-17) and those with the latest are panic disorder, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (ages 23-30); third, that LMR is considerably higher than lifetime prevalence for most anxiety-mood disorders, although the magnitude of this difference is much higher for disorders with later than earlier ages-of-onset; and fourth, that the ratio of 12-month to lifetime prevalence, roughly characterizing persistence, varies meaningfully in ways consistent with independent evidence about differential persistence of these disorders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.

            This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States. The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders. Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment, and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%. These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seeking.
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              Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety.

              Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric conditions affecting children and adolescents. Although cognitive behavioral therapy and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors have shown efficacy in treating these disorders, little is known about their relative or combined efficacy. In this randomized, controlled trial, we assigned 488 children between the ages of 7 and 17 years who had a primary diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or social phobia to receive 14 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline (at a dose of up to 200 mg per day), a combination of sertraline and cognitive behavioral therapy, or a placebo drug for 12 weeks in a 2:2:2:1 ratio. We administered categorical and dimensional ratings of anxiety severity and impairment at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The percentages of children who were rated as very much or much improved on the Clinician Global Impression-Improvement scale were 80.7% for combination therapy (P<0.001), 59.7% for cognitive behavioral therapy (P<0.001), and 54.9% for sertraline (P<0.001); all therapies were superior to placebo (23.7%). Combination therapy was superior to both monotherapies (P<0.001). Results on the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale documented a similar magnitude and pattern of response; combination therapy had a greater response than cognitive behavioral therapy, which was equivalent to sertraline, and all therapies were superior to placebo. Adverse events, including suicidal and homicidal ideation, were no more frequent in the sertraline group than in the placebo group. No child attempted suicide. There was less insomnia, fatigue, sedation, and restlessness associated with cognitive behavioral therapy than with sertraline. Both cognitive behavioral therapy and sertraline reduced the severity of anxiety in children with anxiety disorders; a combination of the two therapies had a superior response rate. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00052078.) 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2017
                June 2017
                : 19
                : 2
                : 93-107
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Gottingen, Germany
                Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Gottingen, Germany
                Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Gottingen, Germany
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelow
                5573566
                28867934
                989cd5f9-d5c6-406b-bbb8-146dd43edb1b
                Copyright: © 2017 AICH - Servier Research Group. All rights reserved

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Neurosciences
                drug treatment,generalized anxiety disorder,panic disorder,psychotherapy,social anxiety disorder,treatment

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