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      Social Cognition Dysfunctions in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neuroanatomical Correlates and Clinical Implications

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          Abstract

          Social cognitive function, involved in the perception, processing, and interpretation of social information, has been shown to be crucial for successful communication and interpersonal relationships, thereby significantly impacting mental health, well-being, and quality of life. In this regard, assessment of social cognition, mainly focusing on four key domains, such as theory of mind (ToM), emotional empathy, and social perception and behavior, has been increasingly evaluated in clinical settings, given the potential implications of impairments of these skills for therapeutic decision-making. With regard to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), most disorders, characterized by variable disease phenotypes and progression, although similar for the unfavorable prognosis, are associated to impairments of social cognitive function, with consequent negative effects on patients' management. Specifically, in some NDs these deficits may represent core diagnostic criteria, such as for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), or may emerge during the disease course as critical aspects, such as for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. On this background, we aimed to revise the most updated evidence on the neurobiological hypotheses derived from network-based approaches, clinical manifestations, and assessment tools of social cognitive dysfunctions in NDs, also prospecting potential benefits on patients' well-being, quality of life, and outcome derived from potential therapeutic perspectives of these deficits.

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          Most cited references182

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          The distributed human neural system for face perception

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            Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms.

            Recognizing emotion from facial expressions draws on diverse psychological processes implemented in a large array of neural structures. Studies using evoked potentials, lesions, and functional imaging have begun to elucidate some of the mechanisms. Early perceptual processing of faces draws on cortices in occipital and temporal lobes that construct detailed representations from the configuration of facial features. Subsequent recognition requires a set of structures, including amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, that links perceptual representations of the face to the generation of knowledge about the emotion signaled, a complex set of mechanisms using multiple strategies. Although recent studies have provided a wealth of detail regarding these mechanisms in the adult human brain, investigations are also being extended to nonhuman primates, to infants, and to patients with psychiatric disorders.
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              Ventromedial prefrontal-subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning.

              The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) comprises a set of interconnected regions that integrate information from affective sensory and social cues, long-term memory, and representations of the 'self'. Alhough the vmPFC is implicated in a variety of seemingly disparate processes, these processes are organized around a common theme. The vmPFC is not necessary for affective responses per se, but is critical when affective responses are shaped by conceptual information about specific outcomes. The vmPFC thus functions as a hub that links concepts with brainstem systems capable of coordinating organism-wide emotional behavior, a process we describe in terms of the generation of affective meaning, and which could explain the common role played by the vmPFC in a range of experimental paradigms. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Behav Neurol
                Behav Neurol
                BN
                Behavioural Neurology
                Hindawi
                0953-4180
                1875-8584
                2018
                26 April 2018
                : 2018
                : 1849794
                Affiliations
                1First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                2INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), 75013 Paris, France
                3Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, Colombia, Centro de Memoria y Cognición Intellectus Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
                4Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
                5Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Aging Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Péter Klivényi

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1297-9415
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-8474
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3790-8018
                Article
                10.1155/2018/1849794
                5944290
                29854017
                98bdd029-e4b4-48dc-9d19-ce3d010f4958
                Copyright © 2018 Foteini Christidi et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 September 2017
                : 3 April 2018
                : 11 April 2018
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