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      Quantifying prion disease penetrance using large population control cohorts.

      1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 6 , 6 , 8 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 17 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 18 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 21 , 22 , 3 , 3 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 26 , 29 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 31 , 30 , 32 , 32 , 30 , 33 , 30 , 3 , 34
      Science translational medicine

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          Abstract

          More than 100,000 genetic variants are reported to cause Mendelian disease in humans, but the penetrance-the probability that a carrier of the purported disease-causing genotype will indeed develop the disease-is generally unknown. We assess the impact of variants in the prion protein gene (PRNP) on the risk of prion disease by analyzing 16,025 prion disease cases, 60,706 population control exomes, and 531,575 individuals genotyped by 23andMe Inc. We show that missense variants in PRNP previously reported to be pathogenic are at least 30 times more common in the population than expected on the basis of genetic prion disease prevalence. Although some of this excess can be attributed to benign variants falsely assigned as pathogenic, other variants have genuine effects on disease susceptibility but confer lifetime risks ranging from <0.1 to ~100%. We also show that truncating variants in PRNP have position-dependent effects, with true loss-of-function alleles found in healthy older individuals, a finding that supports the safety of therapeutic suppression of prion protein expression.

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          Most cited references134

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          Normal development and behaviour of mice lacking the neuronal cell-surface PrP protein.

          PrPC is a host protein anchored to the outer surface of neurons and to a lesser extent of lymphocytes and other cells. The transmissible agent (prion) responsible for scrapie is believed to be a modified form of PrPC. Mice homozygous for disrupted PrP genes have been generated. Surprisingly, they develop and behave normally for at least seven months, and no immunological defects are apparent. It is now feasible to determine whether mice devoid of PrPC can propagate prions and are susceptible to scrapie pathogenesis.
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            Depleting neuronal PrP in prion infection prevents disease and reverses spongiosis.

            The mechanisms involved in prion neurotoxicity are unclear, and therapies preventing accumulation of PrPSc, the disease-associated form of prion protein (PrP), do not significantly prolong survival in mice with central nervous system prion infection. We found that depleting endogenous neuronal PrPc in mice with established neuroinvasive prion infection reversed early spongiform change and prevented neuronal loss and progression to clinical disease. This occurred despite the accumulation of extraneuronal PrPSc to levels seen in terminally ill wild-type animals. Thus, the propagation of nonneuronal PrPSc is not pathogenic, but arresting the continued conversion of PrPc to PrPSc within neurons during scrapie infection prevents prion neurotoxicity.
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              Axonal prion protein is required for peripheral myelin maintenance.

              The integrity of peripheral nerves relies on communication between axons and Schwann cells. The axonal signals that ensure myelin maintenance are distinct from those that direct myelination and are largely unknown. Here we show that ablation of the prion protein PrP(C) triggers a chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CDP) in four independently targeted mouse strains. Ablation of the neighboring Prnd locus, or inbreeding to four distinct mouse strains, did not modulate the CDP. CDP was triggered by depletion of PrP(C) specifically in neurons, but not in Schwann cells, and was suppressed by PrP(C) expression restricted to neurons but not to Schwann cells. CDP was prevented by PrP(C) variants that undergo proteolytic amino-proximal cleavage, but not by variants that are nonpermissive for cleavage, including secreted PrP(C) lacking its glycolipid membrane anchor. These results indicate that neuronal expression and regulated proteolysis of PrP(C) are essential for myelin maintenance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Transl Med
                Science translational medicine
                1946-6242
                1946-6234
                Jan 20 2016
                : 8
                : 322
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. eminikel@broadinstitute.org macarthur@atgu.mgh.harvard.edu.
                [2 ] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
                [3 ] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
                [4 ] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
                [5 ] Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA.
                [6 ] National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
                [7 ] University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
                [8 ] Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
                [9 ] Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
                [10 ] National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.
                [11 ] Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
                [12 ] Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
                [13 ] Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
                [14 ] National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
                [15 ] National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37073, Germany.
                [16 ] Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany.
                [17 ] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.
                [18 ] INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013 Paris, France. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France.
                [19 ] AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
                [20 ] Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna 40123, Italy. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
                [21 ] Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy.
                [22 ] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
                [23 ] Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
                [24 ] Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
                [25 ] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
                [26 ] Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden.
                [27 ] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
                [28 ] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden.
                [29 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
                [30 ] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.
                [31 ] Dutch Surveillance Centre for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands.
                [32 ] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.
                [33 ] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.
                [34 ] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. eminikel@broadinstitute.org macarthur@atgu.mgh.harvard.edu.
                Article
                8/322/322ra9 NIHMS760972
                10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5169
                4774245
                26791950
                98ddb1a9-4a1a-4464-9a1b-a204e750350e
                Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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