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      Supplementation with Low Doses of a Cod Protein Hydrolysate on Glucose Regulation and Lipid Metabolism in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study

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          Abstract

          The risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus are increased in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and hydrolyzed fish protein may have favorable effects on metabolic health. Here, we investigated the effect of 8 weeks supplementation with 4 g of cod protein hydrolysate (CPH) on glucose metabolism, lipid profile and body composition in individuals with MetS in a double-blind, randomized intervention study with a parallel-group design. Subjects received a daily supplement of CPH ( n = 15) or placebo ( n = 15). Primary outcomes were serum fasting and postprandial glucose levels. Secondary outcomes were fasting and postprandial insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), fasting lipid concentrations and body composition. No difference was observed between CPH and placebo for insulin, glucose or GLP-1 after 8 weeks intervention. Fasting triacylglycerol decreased in both the CPH group and placebo group, with no change between groups. Fasting total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly within both groups from baseline to study end, but no difference was observed between the two groups. In conclusion, supplementing with a low dose of CPH in subjects with MetS for 8 weeks had no effect on fasting or postprandial levels of insulin, glucose or GLP-1, lipid profile or body composition.

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          The metabolic syndrome.

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            Bioactive peptides and proteins from foods: indication for health effects.

            Some dietary proteins cause specific effects going beyond nutrient supply. A number of proteins seem to act directly in the intestine, such as IGFs, lactoferrin and immunoglobulins. Many substances, however, are peptides encrypted in intact molecules and are released from their encrypted position by enzymes during gastrointestinal transit or by fermentation or ripening during food processing. Among food-derived bioactive proteins and peptides from plants and animals, those obtained from milk are known in particular. Numerous effects have been described after in vitro and animal trials for bioactive proteins and peptides, such as immunomodulating, antihypertensive, osteoprotective, antilipemic, opiate, antioxidative and antimicrobial. This article reviews the current knowledge of the existence of bioactive proteins and of in vitro bioactivity and the present evidence of health effects exerted by such substances or products containing bioactive compounds. For example, there is evidence for the antihypertensive effects of milk products fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus containing the tripeptides IPP and VPP, which inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme, and for osteoprotective effects by milk basic protein. There is less profound evidence on the immunomodulating effects of lactoferrin and postprandial triglyceride reduction by a hydrolysate of bovine hemoglobin.
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              Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight.

              Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a cleavage product of the pre-proglucagon gene which is expressed in the α-cells of the pancreas, the L-cells of the intestine, and neurons located in the caudal brainstem and hypothalamus. GLP-1 is of relevance to appetite and weight maintenance because it has actions on the gastrointestinal tract as well as the direct regulation of appetite. It delays gastric emptying and gut motility in humans. In addition, interventricular injections of GLP-1 inhibit food intake, independent of the presence of food in the stomach or gastric emptying. Peripherally administered GLP-1 also affects the central regulation of feeding. It is therefore the synergistic actions of GLP-1 in the gut and brain, acting on both central and peripheral receptors that seem responsible for the effects of the hormone on satiety.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                04 July 2020
                July 2020
                : 12
                : 7
                : 1991
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; hanna.dale@ 123456outlook.com (H.F.D.); trygve.hausken@ 123456helse-bergen.no (T.H.); jan.gunnar.hatlebakk@ 123456helse-bergen.no (J.G.H.); gulen.arslan@ 123456uib.no (G.A.L.)
                [2 ]Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; ingeborg.bronstad@ 123456helse-bergen.no
                [3 ]National Centre of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
                [4 ]Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Ålesund Hospital, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, 6026 Ålesund, Norway; dag.arne.lihaug.hoff@ 123456helse-mr.no
                [5 ]Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: caroline.j@ 123456uib.no
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-711X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0710-6057
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-8396
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-5008
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7861-2125
                Article
                nutrients-12-01991
                10.3390/nu12071991
                7400914
                32635503
                98ee86aa-77bd-4ca6-957d-2eade5271570
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 03 June 2020
                : 01 July 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                metabolic syndrome,cod protein hydrolysate,glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,obesity

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