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      Immunomodulatory Activity of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride Modified Porang ( Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Glucomannan on Mouse Macrophage-Like J774.1 Cells and Mouse Primary Peritoneal Macrophages

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          Abstract

          Porang is a local plant of Indonesia, which has a high content of glucomannan. In this study, porang glucomannan (PG) was esterified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) to enhance emulsion properties to be widely used in food industry. OSA-modified PG (OSA-PG) enhanced the phagocytosis activity of macrophage-like J774.1 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, OSA-PG increased the production of IL-6 and TNF-α by enhancing their gene expression. Immunoblot analysis displayed that OSA-PG tended to activate both nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Treatment of OSA-PG with polymyxin B revealed that cytokine production induced by OSA-PG was not caused by endotoxin contamination. Our findings also indicated that OSA-PG activates macrophages through not only Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, but another receptor. Overall findings suggested that OSA-PG has a potential as an immunomodulatory food factor by stimulating macrophages.

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          Most cited references42

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          Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production.

          The capacity of 12 cytokines to induce NO2- or H2O2 release from murine peritoneal macrophages was tested by using resident macrophages, or macrophages elicited with periodate, casein, or thioglycollate broth. Elevated H2O2 release in response to PMA was observed in resident macrophages after a 48-h incubation with IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, or CSF-GM. Of these, only IFN-gamma induced substantial NO2- secretion during the culture period. The cytokines inactive in both assays under the conditions tested were IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, CSF-M, and transforming growth factor-beta 1. Incubation of macrophages with IFN-gamma for 48 h in the presence of LPS inhibited H2O2 production but augmented NO2- release, whereas incubation in the presence of the arginine analog NG-monomethylarginine inhibited NO2- release but not H2O2 production. Although neither TNF-alpha nor TNF-beta induced NO2- synthesis on its own, addition of either cytokine together with IFN-gamma increased macrophage NO2- production up to six-fold over that in macrophages treated with IFN-gamma alone. Moreover, IFN-alpha or IFN-beta in combination with LPS could also induce NO2- production in macrophages, as was previously reported for IFN-gamma plus LPS. These data suggest that: 1) tested as a sole agent, IFN-gamma was the only one of the 12 cytokines capable of inducing both NO2- and H2O2 release; 2) the pathways leading to secretion of H2O2 and NO2- are independent; 3) either IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha/beta or IFN-alpha/beta/gamma and LPS can interact synergistically to induce NO2- release.
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            The mononuclear phagocyte system.

            Ian D Hume (2006)
            The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) has been defined as a family of cells comprising bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. Macrophages are a major cell population in most of the tissues in the body, and their numbers increase further in inflammation, wounding and malignancy. Their trophic roles for other cell types in development and homeostasis are becoming increasingly evident. The receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1R) is expressed in a large proportion of cells considered to be mononuclear phagocytes, including antigen-presenting dendritic cells, which can be considered a specialized adaptive state rather than a separate lineage. The unity of the MPS is challenged by evidence that there is a separate embryonic phagocyte lineage, by the transdifferentiation and fusion of MPS cells with other cell types, and by evidence of local renewal of tissue macrophage populations as opposed to monocyte recruitment. The concept of the MPS may have partly outlived its usefulness.
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              Pattern recognition receptors: doubling up for the innate immune response.

              Antigen presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) express pattern recognition molecules that are thought to recognize foreign ligands during early phases of the immune response. The best known of these are probably the Toll-like receptors, but a number of other receptors are also involved. Several of these recognize endogenous as well as exogenous ligands, suggesting that they play a dual role in normal tissue function and host defense.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                15 July 2017
                July 2017
                : 22
                : 7
                : 1187
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; sgurusmatika@ 123456gmail.com (S.G.); nishi.kosuke.mx@ 123456ehime-u.ac.jp (K.N.)
                [2 ]Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; eniharmayani@ 123456yahoo.com (E.H.); pranoto@ 123456ugm.ac.id (Y.P.)
                [3 ]Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
                [4 ]South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mars95@ 123456agr.ehime-u.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-89-946-9863
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4657-5697
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4205-8465
                Article
                molecules-22-01187
                10.3390/molecules22071187
                6152250
                28714872
                9929d925-61f3-4045-9d17-22d2597c9b9e
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 20 June 2017
                : 12 July 2017
                Categories
                Article

                porang glucomannan,octenyl succinic anhydride,macrophage,cytokine,phagocytosis activity,j774.1 cell

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