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      The effect of concentric constriction of the visual field to 10 and 15 degrees on simulated motor vehicle accidents

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Traffic accidents are associated with the visual function of drivers, as well as many other factors. Driving simulator systems have the advantage of controlling for traffic- and automobile-related conditions, and using pinhole glasses can control the degree of concentric concentration of the visual field. We evaluated the effect of concentric constriction of the visual field on automobile driving, using driving simulator tests.

          Methods

          Subjects meeting criteria for normal eyesight were included in the study. Pinhole glasses with variable aperture sizes were adjusted to mimic the conditions of concentric visual field constrictions of 10° and 15°, using a CLOCK CHART ®. The test contained 8 scenarios (2 oncoming right-turning cars and 6 jump-out events from the side).

          Results

          Eighty-eight subjects were included in the study; 37 (mean age = 52.9±15.8 years) subjects were assigned to the 15° group, and 51 (mean = 48.6±15.5 years) were assigned to the 10° group. For all 8 scenarios, the number of accidents was significantly higher among pinhole wearing subjects. The average number of all types of accidents per person was significantly higher in the pinhole 10° group (4.59±1.81) than the pinhole 15° group (3.68±1.49) (P = 0.032). The number of accidents associated with jump-out scenarios, in which a vehicle approaches from the side on a straight road with a good view, was significantly higher in the pinhole 10° group than in the pinhole 15° group.

          Conclusions

          Concentric constriction of the visual field was associated with increased number of traffic accidents. The simulation findings indicated that a visual field of 10° to 15° may be important for avoiding collisions in places where there is a straight road with a good view.

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          Most cited references31

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          Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults.

          Motor vehicle crash risk in older drivers has been associated with visual acuity loss, but only weakly so, suggesting other factors contribute. The useful field of view is a measure that reflects decline in visual sensory function, slowed visual processing speed, and impaired visual attention skills. To identify whether measures of visual processing ability, including the useful field of view test, are associated with crash involvement by older drivers. Prospective cohort study with 3 years of follow-up, 1990-1993. Ophthalmology clinic assessment of community-based sample. A total of 294 drivers aged 55 to 87 years at enrollment. Motor vehicle crash occurrence. Older drivers with a 40% or greater impairment in the useful field of view were 2.2 times (95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.1) more likely to incur a crash during 3 years of follow-up, after adjusting for age, sex, race, chronic medical conditions, mental status, and days driven per week. This association was primarily mediated by difficulty in dividing attention under brief target durations. Reduction in the useful field of view increases crash risk in older drivers. Given the relatively high prevalence of visual processing impairment among the elderly, visual dysfunction and eye disease deserve further examination as causes of motor vehicle crashes and injury.
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            Risk of falls and motor vehicle collisions in glaucoma.

            To investigate the risk of falls and motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in patients with glaucoma. The sample comprised 48 patients with glaucoma (mean visual field mean deviation [MD] in the better eye = -3.9 dB; 5.1 dB SD) and 47 age-matched normal control subjects, who were recruited from a university-based hospital eye care clinic and are enrolled in an ongoing prospective study of risk factors for falls, risk factors for MVCs, and on-road driving performance in glaucoma. Main outcome measures at baseline were previous self-reported falls and MVCs, and police-reported MVCs. Demographic and medical data were obtained. In addition, functional independence in daily living, physical activity level and balance were assessed. Clinical vision measures included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, standard automated perimetry, useful field of view (UFOV), and stereopsis. Analyses of falls and MVCs were adjusted to account for the possible confounding effects of demographic characteristics, medications, and visual field impairment. MVC analyses were also adjusted for kilometers driven per week. There were no significant differences between patients with glaucoma and control subjects with respect to number of systemic medical conditions, body mass index, functional independence, and physical activity level (P > 0.10). At baseline, 40 (83%) patients with glaucoma and 44 (94%) control subjects were driving. Compared with control subjects, patients with glaucoma were over three times more likely to have fallen in the previous year (odds ratio [OR](adjusted) = 3.71; 95% CI, 1.14-12.05), over six times more likely to have been involved in one or more MVCs in the previous 5 years (OR(adjusted) = 6.62; 95% CI, 1.40-31.23), and more likely to have been at fault (OR(adjusted) = 12.44; 95% CI, 1.08-143.99). The strongest risk factor for MVCs in patients with glaucoma was impaired UFOV selective attention (OR(adjusted) = 10.29; 95% CI, 1.10-96.62; for selective attention >350 ms compared with
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              The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in.

              Filling-in is a perceptual phenomenon in which a visual attribute such as colour, brightness, texture or motion is perceived in a region of the visual field even though such an attribute exists only in the surround. Filling-in dramatically reveals the dissociation between the retinal input and the percept, and raises fundamental questions about how these two relate to each other. Filling-in is observed in various situations, and is an essential part of our normal surface perception. Here, I review recent experiments examining brain activities associated with filling-in, and discuss possible neural mechanisms underlying this remarkable perceptual phenomenon. The evidence shows that neuronal activities in early visual cortical areas are involved in filling-in, providing new insights into visual cortical functions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Software
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                14 March 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 3
                : e0193767
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan
                [2 ] Tajimi Iwase Eye Clinic, Gifu, Japan
                [3 ] Department of Robotics & Design for Innovative Healthcare Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
                [4 ] Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
                [5 ] Department of Ophthalmology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
                [6 ] Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
                [7 ] Honda Motor Co., Tokyo, Japan
                [8 ] Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Tokyo, Japan
                Tokai University, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have the following interests: HO is an employee of Honda Mortor CO.,Ltd. The funder provided support in the form of salary for author H.O., but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This study didn’t receive any other funding from Honda Motor CO., Ltd. HO belongs to the department of "Honda Driving Safety Promotion Center". His department works on the enlightenment activity for “safety driving” and does not work for commercial enterprise. The driving simulator (DS) system that we used in this study was developed for investigation only, not for sale. The funder does not have any patent. There are no products under development or marketed products that are relevant to the materials presented in this article. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7111
                Article
                PONE-D-17-34054
                10.1371/journal.pone.0193767
                5851605
                29538425
                9940f658-2290-449d-bc95-fd9c0ce3b34d
                © 2018 Udagawa et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 September 2017
                : 17 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Mr. Hiroshi Ono is an employee of Honda Motor Co. The funder provided support in the form of salary for author H.O., but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of this author are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Ophthalmology
                Eye Diseases
                Glaucoma
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Road Traffic Collisions
                Engineering and Technology
                Civil Engineering
                Transportation Infrastructure
                Roads
                Engineering and Technology
                Transportation
                Transportation Infrastructure
                Roads
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Visualization
                Infographics
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Ophthalmology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Chronobiology
                Circadian Rhythms
                Engineering and Technology
                Automotive Engineering
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
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                All relevant data are within the paper.

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