Radiosensitizing effect of carboplatin and paclitaxel to carbon-ion beam irradiation in the non-small-cell lung cancer cell line H460

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Abstract

The present study investigated the ability of carboplatin and paclitaxel to sensitize human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to carbon-ion beam irradiation. NSCLC H460 cells treated with carboplatin or paclitaxel were irradiated with X-rays or carbon-ion beams, and radiosensitivity was evaluated by clonogenic survival assay. Cell proliferation was determined by counting the number of viable cells using Trypan blue. Apoptosis and senescence were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, respectively. The expression of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, p53 and p21 was analyzed by western blotting. Clonogenic survival assays demonstrated a synergistic radiosensitizing effect of carboplatin and paclitaxel with carbon-ion beams; the sensitizer enhancement ratios (SERs) at the dose giving a 10% survival fraction (D ₁₀) were 1.21 and 1.22, respectively. Similarly, carboplatin and paclitaxel showed a radiosensitizing effect with X-rays; the SERs were 1.41 and 1.29, respectively. Cell proliferation assays validated the radiosensitizing effect of carboplatin and paclitaxel with both carbon-ion beam and X-ray irradiation. Carboplatin and paclitaxel treatment combined with carbon-ion beams increased TUNEL-positive cells and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, indicating the enhancement of apoptosis. The combined treatment also increased SA-β-gal-positive cells and the expression of p53 and p21, indicating the enhancement of senescence. In summary, carboplatin and paclitaxel radiosensitized H460 cells to carbon-ion beam irradiation by enhancing irradiation-induced apoptosis and senescence.

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

C N Estevez, S M Lee, Qing Zhong … (2012)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

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ATM signalling and cancer.

Manja Behrens, Catherine A. Cremona (2014)

ATM, the protein kinase mutated in the rare human disease ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), has been the focus of intense scrutiny over the past two decades. Initially this was because of the unusual radiosensitive phenotype of cells from A-T patients, and latterly because investigating ATM signalling has yielded valuable insights into the DNA damage response, redox signalling and cancer. With the recent explosion in genomic data, ATM alterations have been revealed both in the germline as a predisposing factor for cancer and as somatic changes in tumours themselves. Here we review these findings, as well as advances in the understanding of ATM signalling mechanisms in cancer and ATM inhibition as a strategy for cancer treatment.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Radiat Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Radiat. Res

Journal ID (publisher-id): jrr

Journal ID (hwp): jrr

Title: Journal of Radiation Research

Publisher: Oxford University Press

ISSN (Print): 0449-3060

ISSN (Electronic): 1349-9157

Publication date (Print): March 2015

Publication date (Electronic): 18 January 2015

Publication date PMC-release: 18 January 2015

Volume: 56

Issue: 2

Pages: 229-238

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan

[2 ]Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan

[3 ]Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma, Japan

[4 ]Department of Radiology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan. Tel: +81-27-220-8383; Fax: +81-27-220-8397; Email: snoda@ 123456gunma-u.ac.jp

Article

Publisher ID: rru085

DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru085

PMC ID: 4380040

PubMed ID: 25599995

SO-VID: 994919c4-b8e9-4cf5-9601-07234b00e2d7

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 24 May 2014

Date revision received : 22 August 2014

Date accepted : 27 August 2014

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Radiosensitizing effect of carboplatin and paclitaxel to carbon-ion beam irradiation in the non-small-cell lung cancer cell line H460

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Cancer Immunotherapy

Most cited references 26

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Accelerated senescence: an emerging role in tumor cell response to chemotherapy and radiation.

ATM signalling and cancer.

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Cited by 19

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