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      Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses

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          Abstract

          In this review, we discuss the importance of capsaicin to the current understanding of neuronal modulation of pain and explore the mechanisms of capsaicin-induced pain. We will focus on the analgesic effects of capsaicin and its clinical applicability in treating pain. Furthermore, we will draw attention to the rationale for other clinical therapeutic uses and implications of capsaicin in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, airway diseases, itch, gastric, and urological disorders.

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          Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor.

          M. J. Caterina, A. Leffler, A. Malmberg … (2000)
          The capsaicin (vanilloid) receptor VR1 is a cation channel expressed by primary sensory neurons of the "pain" pathway. Heterologously expressed VR1 can be activated by vanilloid compounds, protons, or heat (>43 degrees C), but whether this channel contributes to chemical or thermal sensitivity in vivo is not known. Here, we demonstrate that sensory neurons from mice lacking VR1 are severely deficient in their responses to each of these noxious stimuli. VR1-/- mice showed normal responses to noxious mechanical stimuli but exhibited no vanilloid-evoked pain behavior, were impaired in the detection of painful heat, and showed little thermal hypersensitivity in the setting of inflammation. Thus, VR1 is essential for selective modalities of pain sensation and for tissue injury-induced thermal hyperalgesia.
          Article 0 comments Cited 611 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology.

            Isaac Chiu, Christian A. Von Hehn, Clifford Woolf (2012)
            The peripheral nervous and immune systems are traditionally thought of as serving separate functions. The line between them is, however, becoming increasingly blurred by new insights into neurogenic inflammation. Nociceptor neurons possess many of the same molecular recognition pathways for danger as immune cells, and, in response to danger, the peripheral nervous system directly communicates with the immune system, forming an integrated protective mechanism. The dense innervation network of sensory and autonomic fibers in peripheral tissues and high speed of neural transduction allows rapid local and systemic neurogenic modulation of immunity. Peripheral neurons also seem to contribute to immune dysfunction in autoimmune and allergic diseases. Therefore, understanding the coordinated interaction of peripheral neurons with immune cells may advance therapeutic approaches to increase host defense and suppress immunopathology.
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              Vanilloid (Capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms.

              Arpad Szallasi, Peter M. Blumberg (1999)
              Article 0 comments Cited 223 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Pin Ju Chueh: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 June 2016
                Publication date Collection: July 2016
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 844
                Affiliations
                Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, Caixa Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; vfattori@ 123456outlook.com (V.F.); hohmann.miriam@ 123456gmail.com (M.S.N.H.); anacrossaneis@ 123456gmail.com (A.C.R.); pinho.fe@ 123456gmail.com (F.A.P.-R.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: waverri@ 123456uel.br or waldiceujr@ 123456yahoo.com.br ; Tel.: +55-43-3371-4979
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this paper.

                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-21-00844
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070844
                PMC ID: 6273101
                PubMed ID: 27367653
                SO-VID: 9949d5de-6e55-4f45-9c7e-e73600247a37
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 April 2016
                Date accepted : 27 April 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: analgesia,capsaicinoids,chili peppers,desensitization,trpv1
                Data availability:
                Keywords: analgesia, capsaicinoids, chili peppers, desensitization, trpv1

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