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      Postural Control and Emotion in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

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          Abstract

          Autism Spectrum Disorders subjects (ASD) are well known to have deficits in social interaction. We recorded simultaneously eye movements and postural sway during exploration of emotional faces in children with ASD and typically developing children (TD). We analyzed several postural and ocular parameters. The results showed that all postural parameters were significantly greater in children with ASD; ASD made significantly fewer saccades and had shorter fixation time than TD, particularly in the eyes, and especially for unpleasant emotions. These results suggest that poor postural control of ASD and their impaired visual strategies could be due to a lack of interest in social cognition, causing a delay in the development of the cortical areas, and thus could have an effect on their postural control.

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          Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism.

          Fred Volkmar, Robert Schultz, Ami Klin … (2002)
          Manifestations of core social deficits in autism are more pronounced in everyday settings than in explicit experimental tasks. To bring experimental measures in line with clinical observation, we report a novel method of quantifying atypical strategies of social monitoring in a setting that simulates the demands of daily experience. Enhanced ecological validity was intended to maximize between-group effect sizes and assess the predictive utility of experimental variables relative to outcome measures of social competence. While viewing social scenes, eye-tracking technology measured visual fixations in 15 cognitively able males with autism and 15 age-, sex-, and verbal IQ-matched control subjects. We reliably coded fixations on 4 regions: mouth, eyes, body, and objects. Statistical analyses compared fixation time on regions of interest between groups and correlation of fixation time with outcome measures of social competence (ie, standardized measures of daily social adjustment and degree of autistic social symptoms). Significant between-group differences were obtained for all 4 regions. The best predictor of autism was reduced eye region fixation time. Fixation on mouths and objects was significantly correlated with social functioning: increased focus on mouths predicted improved social adjustment and less autistic social impairment, whereas more time on objects predicted the opposite relationship. When viewing naturalistic social situations, individuals with autism demonstrate abnormal patterns of social visual pursuit consistent with reduced salience of eyes and increased salience of mouths, bodies, and objects. Fixation times on mouths and objects but not on eyes are strong predictors of degree of social competence.
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            Seeing it differently: visual processing in autism.

            Marlene Behrmann, Cibu Thomas, Kate Humphreys (2006)
            Several recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies have documented an impairment in face processing in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It remains unknown, however, what underlying mechanism gives rise to this face processing difficulty. One theory suggests that the difficulty derives from a pervasive problem in social interaction and/or motivation. An alternative view proposes that the face-processing problem is not entirely social in nature and that a visual perceptual impairment might also contribute. The focus of this review is on this latter, perceptual perspective, documenting the psychological and neural alterations that might account for the face processing impairment. The available evidence suggests that perceptual alterations are present in ASD, independent of social function.
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              Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients.

              Eric Courchesne, Jeanne Townsend, Natacha Akshoomoff … (1994)
              MRI and autopsy evidence of early maldevelopment of cerebellar vermis and hemispheres in autism raise the question of how cerebellar maldevelopment contributes to the cognitive and social deficits characteristic of autism. Compared with normal controls, autistic patients and patients with acquired cerebellar lesions were similarly impaired in a task requiring rapid and accurate shifts of attention between auditory and visual stimuli. Neurophysiologic and behavioral evidence rules out motor dysfunction as the cause of this deficit. These findings are consistent with the proposal that in autism cerebellar maldevelopment may contribute to an inability to execute rapid attention shifts, which in turn undermines social and cognitive development, and also with the proposal that the human cerebellum is involved in the coordination of rapid attention shifts in a fashion analogous to its role in the coordination of movement.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Transl Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Transl Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): tnsci
                Journal ID (pmc): tnsci
                Title: Translational Neuroscience
                Publisher: De Gruyter Open
                ISSN (Print): 2081-3856
                ISSN (Electronic): 2081-6936
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 November 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 8
                Pages: 158-166
                Affiliations
                [1 ]universityUMR 1141 Inserm - Université Paris Diderot. , debtRobert Debré Hospital , 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
                [2 ]deptChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department , Robert Debré Hospital , Paris, France
                [3 ]deptHigh Functioning Autism Expert Centre , Fondamental Foundation , Paris, France
                [4 ]e(ye)BRAIN , 1 bis rue Jean le Galleu, 94200, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: tnsci-2017-0022
                DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0022
                PMC ID: 5700205
                SO-VID: 9959557a-8f7c-4267-94a9-9fc4706d6136
                Copyright © © 2017 Nathalie Gouleme et al.
                License:

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

                History
                Date received : 27 June 2017
                Date accepted : 25 October 2017
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Regular Articles

                Keywords: autistic spectrum disorders,childrens,dual tasks,emotional faces,postural controls,eye movements
                Data availability:
                Keywords: autistic spectrum disorders, childrens, dual tasks, emotional faces, postural controls, eye movements

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