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      Spatially resolved Brillouin spectroscopy to determine the rheological properties of the eye lens

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          Abstract

          Presbyopia is closely associated with the loss of accommodation, and hence with a decline in the viscoelastic properties of the human eye lens. In this article we describe a method for obtaining spatially resolved in vivo measurements of the rheological properties of the eye lens, based on the spectroscopic analysis of spontaneous Brillouin scattering using a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA). The multi-pass configuration enhances resolution to the extent that measurements are possible in elastic biological tissue characterized by intense scattering. We also present spatially resolved measurements obtained in extracted animal eyes and lenses. The results yield entirely new insights into the aging process of the eye lens.

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          Most cited references28

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          Confocal Brillouin microscopy for three-dimensional mechanical imaging.

          Acoustically induced inelastic light scattering, first reported in 1922 by Brillouin1, allows non-contact, direct readout of the viscoelastic properties of a material and has widely been investigated for material characterization2, structural monitoring3 and environmental sensing4. Extending the Brillouin technique from point sampling spectroscopy to imaging modality5 would open up new possibilities for mechanical imaging, but has been challenging because rapid spectrum acquisition is required. Here, we demonstrate a confocal Brillouin microscope based on a fully parallel spectrometer-a virtually imaged phased array-that improves the detection efficiency by nearly 100-fold over previous approaches. Using the system, we show the first cross-sectional Brillouin imaging based on elastic properties as the contrast mechanism and monitor fast dynamic changes in elastic modulus during polymer crosslinking. Furthermore, we report the first in situ biomechanical measurement of the crystalline lens in a mouse eye. These results suggest multiple applications of Brillouin microscopy in biomedical and biomaterial science.
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            Large angular dispersion by a virtually imaged phased array and its application to a wavelength demultiplexer.

            A new scheme that shows large angular dispersion is proposed and demonstrated. The key idea to this method is a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA). The angular dispersion of a VIPA is 10-20 times larger than those of common diffraction gratings, which have blaze angles of ~30 deg. With the VIPA, wavelength demultiplexing for 10 channels with 0.8-nm spacing is achieved. Low polarization-state dependence (~0.1 dB) is also confirmed.
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              The shape of the aging human lens: curvature, equivalent refractive index and the lens paradox.

              Scheimpflug slit images of the crystalline lens are distorted due to the refracting properties of the cornea and because they are obliquely viewed. We measured the aspheric curvature of the lens of 102 subjects ranging in age between 16 and 65 years and applied correction for these distortions. The procedure was validated by measuring an artificial eye and pseudophakic patients with intraocular lenses of known dimensions. Compared to previous studies using Scheimpflug photography, the decrease of the radius of the anterior lens surface with age was smaller, and the absolute value for the radius of the anterior and posterior lens surface was significantly smaller. A slight decrease of the posterior lens radius with age could be demonstrated. Generally, front and back surfaces were hyperbolic. Axial length was measured of 42 subjects enabling calculation of the equivalent refractive index of the lens, which showed a small, but highly significant decrease with age. These new findings explain the lens paradox and may serve as a basis for modelling the refractive properties of the lens.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Opt Express
                BOE
                Biomedical Optics Express
                Optical Society of America
                2156-7085
                05 July 2011
                01 August 2011
                05 July 2011
                : 2
                : 8
                : 2144-2159
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Physics, Semiconductor Optics Group, University of Rostock, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
                [2 ]Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Rostock, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
                Author notes
                Article
                146703
                10.1364/BOE.2.002144
                3149515
                21833354
                99859c43-7434-4bd0-8816-91c3bd4698ac
                ©2011 Optical Society of America

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License, which permits download and redistribution, provided that the original work is properly cited. This license restricts the article from being modified or used commercially.

                History
                : 2 May 2011
                : 29 June 2011
                : 2 July 2011
                Funding
                Funded by: Department ‘Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter’ of the University of Rostock
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
                Award ID: Transregio 37, ‘Micro- and Nanosystems in Medicine—Reconstruction of Biological Functions’
                Funded by: REMIDIS
                Categories
                Ophthalmology Applications
                Custom metadata
                True
                0

                Vision sciences
                (330.7327) visual optics, ophthalmic instrumentation,(170.0110) imaging system,(170.4470) ophthalmology,(290.5830) scattering, brillouin

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