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      Biokinetic model of radioiodine I-131 in nine thyroid cancer patients subjected to in-vivo gamma camera scanning: A simplified five-compartmental model

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          Abstract

          A five-compartmental biokinetic model of I-131 radioiodine based on in-vivo gamma camera scanning results was developed and successfully applied to nine thyroid cancer patients who were administered 1,110 MBq I-131 in capsules for the residual thyroid gland ablation. The I-131 solution activity among internal organs was analyzed via the revised biokinetic model of iodine recommended by the ICRP-30 and -56 reports. Accordingly, a five-compartmental (stomach, body fluid, thyroid, whole body, and excretion) model was established to simulate the metabolic mechanism of I-131 in thyroid cancer patients, whereas the respective four simultaneous differential equations were solved via a self-developed program run in MATLAB. This made it possible to provide a close correlation between MATLAB simulation results and empirical data. The latter data were collected through in-vivo gamma camera scans of nine patients obtained after 1, 4, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after radioactive I-131 administration. The average biological half-life values for the stomach, body fluid, thyroid, and whole body of thyroid cancer patients under study were 0.54±0.32, 12.6±1.8, 42.8±5.1, and 12.6±1.8 h, respectively. The corresponding branching ratios I 12, I 23, I 25, I 34, I 42, and I 45 as denoted in the biokinetic model of iodine were 1.0, 0.21±0.14, 0.79±0.14, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.9, respectively. The average values of the AT dimensionless index used to verify the agreement between empirical and numerical simulation results were 0.056±0.017, 0.017±0.014, 0.044±0.023, and 0.045±0.009 for the stomach, thyroid, body fluid + whole body, and total, respectively. The results obtained were considered quite instrumental in the elucidation of metabolic mechanisms in the human body, particularly in thyroid cancer patients.

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          Quantitative capabilities of four state-of-the-art SPECT-CT cameras

          Background Four state-of-the-art single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) systems, namely Philips Brightview, General Electric Discovery NM/CT 670 and Infinia Hawkeye 4, and Siemens Symbia T6, were investigated in terms of accuracy of attenuation and scatter correction, contrast recovery for small hot and cold structures, and quantitative capabilities when using their dedicated three-dimensional iterative reconstruction with attenuation and scatter corrections and resolution recovery. Methods The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU-2 1994 phantom with cold air, water, and Teflon inserts, and a homemade contrast phantom with hot and cold rods were filled with 99mTc and scanned. The acquisition parameters were chosen to provide adequate linear and angular sampling and high count statistics. The data were reconstructed using Philips Astonish, General Electric Evolution for Bone, or Siemens Flash3D, eight subsets, and a varying number of iterations. A procedure similar to the one used in positron emission tomography (PET) allowed us to obtain the factor to convert counts per pixel into activity per unit volume. Results Edge and oscillation artifacts were observed with all phantoms and all systems. At 30 iterations, the residual fraction in the inserts of the NEMA phantom fell below 3.5%. Contrast recovery increased with the number of iterations but became almost saturated at 24 iterations onwards. In the uniform part of the NEMA and contrast phantoms, a quantification error below 10% was achieved. Conclusions In objects whose dimensions exceeded the SPECT spatial resolution by several times, quantification seemed to be feasible within 10% error limits. A partial volume effect correction strategy remains necessary for the smallest structures. The reconstruction artifacts nevertheless remain a handicap on the road towards accurate quantification in SPECT and should be the focus of further works in reconstruction tomography.
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            Modelling and Simulation of Surface Roughness in Face Milling

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              Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration in Taiwan: The History and Current Practice

              In Taiwan, thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine gland malignancy and the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased four-fold in the past two decades. Fine-needle aspiration is an accurate and cost-effective method of evaluating thyroid nodules and has been the gold-standard diagnostic tool for thyroid tumors in Taiwan since the 1980s. This article reviews the history, current practice, reporting systems, training, and quality assurance for thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology in Taiwan.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administration
                Role: MethodologyRole: Software
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: Software
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                4 May 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 5
                : e0232480
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
                [2 ] Department of Nuclear Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
                [3 ] College of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology Takun, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
                [4 ] Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
                [5 ] Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santigao de Compostela, SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1186-5715
                Article
                PONE-D-19-27837
                10.1371/journal.pone.0232480
                7197807
                32365074
                99869a02-ae0a-4994-8d4c-fc51e6b6e899
                © 2020 Huang et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 October 2019
                : 15 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005866, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital;
                Award ID: FEMH-2019-C-062
                Award Recipient :
                Funding was supported by Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China under contract No. FEMH-2019-C-062.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Endocrine System
                Thyroid
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Endocrine System
                Thyroid
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancers and Neoplasms
                Lung and Intrathoracic Tumors
                Thymic Tumors
                Thyroid Carcinomas
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancers and Neoplasms
                Carcinomas
                Thyroid Carcinomas
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancers and Neoplasms
                Endocrine Tumors
                Thyroid Carcinomas
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Gastrointestinal Tract
                Stomach
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Gastrointestinal Tract
                Stomach
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Differential Equations
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Elements
                Iodine
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Excretion
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Excretion
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                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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