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      The influence of olfactory disgust on (Genital) sexual arousal in men

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          Abstract

          Background

          The generation or persistence of sexual arousal may be compromised when inhibitory processes such as negative emotions, outweigh sexual excitation. Disgust particularly, has been proposed as one of the emotions that may counteract sexual arousal. In support of this view, previous research has shown that disgust priming can reduce subsequent sexual arousal. As a crucial next step, this experimental study tested whether disgust (by means of odor) can also diminish sexual arousal in individuals who are already in a state of heightened sexual excitation.

          Methodology

          In this study, participants were all men (N = 78). To elicit sexual arousal, participants watched a pornographic video. Following 4.30 minutes from the start of the video clip, they were exposed to either a highly aversive/disgusting odor (n = 42), or an odorless diluent/solvent (n = 36), that was delivered via an olfactometer, while the pornographic video continued. In both conditions the presentation of the odor lasted 1 second and was repeated 11 times with intervals of 26 seconds. Sexual arousal was indexed by both self-reports and penile circumference.

          Principal findings

          The disgusting odor (released when the participants were already sexually aroused) resulted in a significant decrease of both subjective and genital sexual arousal compared to the control (odorless) condition.

          Significance

          The finding that the inhibitory effect of disgust was not only expressed in self-report but also expressed on the penile response further strengthens the idea that disgust might hamper behavioral actions motivated by sexual arousal (e.g., poor judgment, coercive sexual behavior). Thus, the current findings indicate that exposure to an aversive odor is sufficiently potent to reduce already present (subjective and) genital sexual arousal. This finding may also have practical relevance for disgust to be used as a tool for self-defence (e.g., Invi Bracelet).

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          Most cited references38

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          GPOWER: A general power analysis program

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            Microbes, mating, and morality: individual differences in three functional domains of disgust.

            What is the function of disgust? Whereas traditional models have suggested that disgust serves to protect the self or neutralize reminders of our animal nature, an evolutionary perspective suggests that disgust functions to solve 3 qualitatively different adaptive problems related to pathogen avoidance, mate choice, and social interaction. The authors investigated this 3-domain model of disgust across 4 studies and examined how sensitivity to these functional domains relates to individual differences in other psychological constructs. Consistent with their predictions, factor analyses demonstrated that disgust sensitivity partitions into domains related to pathogens, sexuality, and morality. Further, sensitivity to the 3 domains showed predictable differentiation based on sex, perceived vulnerability to disease, psychopathic tendencies, and Big 5 personality traits. In exploring these 3 domains of disgust, the authors introduce a new measure of disgust sensitivity. Appreciation of the functional heterogeneity of disgust has important implications for research on individual differences in disgust sensitivity, emotion, clinical impairments, and neuroscience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
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              Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?

              The robustness of F-test to non-normality has been studied from the 1930s through to the present day. However, this extensive body of research has yielded contradictory results, there being evidence both for and against its robustness. This study provides a systematic examination of F-test robustness to violations of normality in terms of Type I error, considering a wide variety of distributions commonly found in the health and social sciences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Project administration
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Resources
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                28 February 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 2
                : e0213059
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
                [2 ] Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
                University of Rome, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0122-1118
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2278-5959
                Article
                PONE-D-18-07942
                10.1371/journal.pone.0213059
                6394938
                30817770
                99882d9b-d8a5-4737-bf08-e687067b1629
                © 2019 Borg et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 15 March 2018
                : 15 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Pages: 16
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Human Sexual Behavior
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Human Sexual Behavior
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Electrophysiological Techniques
                Muscle Electrophysiology
                Electromyography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Sensory Physiology
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Sensory Physiology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Smell
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Sensory Perception
                Smell
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Sensory Perception
                Smell
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Mixtures
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                Diluents
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Analysis of Variance
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Analysis of Variance
                Custom metadata
                All data and syntax files are available from the following link 'dataverse, http://hdl.handle.net/10411/4012MB'.

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