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      Prevalence and Factors Associated with Burnout Syndrome among Primary Health Care Nursing Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study †

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      1 , 2 , * , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 1 , 4 , 1 , 6 , 7 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 8 , 1 , 1 , 3
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
      MDPI
      burnout, nursing, Primary Health Care

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          Abstract

          The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with Burnout Syndrome (BS) in Primary Health Care (PHC) nursing professionals from the state of Bahia, Brazil. A multicentre, cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in a cluster sample among 1125 PHC Nursing professionals during the years 2017 and 2018. We used a questionnaire that included sociodemographic, labor and lifestyle variables and the Maslach Burnout Inventory scale to identify BS. The associations were evaluated using a robust Poisson regression with the hierarchical selection of the independent variables. The prevalence of BS was 18.3% and the associated factors were ethnicity (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.62, confidence interval (CI) 95% = 0.47–0.83), residence (PR = 2.35, CI 95% = 1.79–3.09), economic situation (PR = 1.40, CI 95% = 1.06–1.86), satisfaction with current occupation (PR = 1.75, CI 95% = 1.31–2.33), (PR = 1.60, CI 95% = 1.23–2.08), rest (PR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.41–2.37), technical resources and equipment (PR = 1.37, CI 95% = 1.06–1.77), night shift (PR = 1.49, CI 95% = 1.14–1.96), physical activity practice (PR = 1.72; CI 95% = 1.28–2.31), smoking (PR = 1.82, CI 95% = 1.35–2.45), and satisfaction with physical form (PR = 1.34, CI 95% = 1.01–179). Strategies are needed to prevent BS, with an emphasis on implementing worker health programs in the context of PHC.

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          Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry.

          The experience of burnout has been the focus of much research during the past few decades. Measures have been developed, as have various theoretical models, and research studies from many countries have contributed to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of this occupationally-specific dysphoria. The majority of this work has focused on human service occupations, and particularly health care. Research on the burnout experience for psychiatrists mirrors much of the broader literature, in terms of both sources and outcomes of burnout. But it has also identified some of the unique stressors that mental health professionals face when they are dealing with especially difficult or violent clients. Current issues of particular relevance for psychiatry include the links between burnout and mental illness, the attempts to redefine burnout as simply exhaustion, and the relative dearth of evaluative research on potential interventions to treat and/or prevent burnout. Given that the treatment goal for burnout is usually to enable people to return to their job, and to be successful in their work, psychiatry could make an important contribution by identifying the treatment strategies that would be most effective in achieving that goal.
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            Mental health of hospital consultants: the effects of stress and satisfaction at work

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              A National Study on Nurses’ Exposure to Occupational Violence in Lebanon: Prevalence, Consequences and Associated Factors

              Background Healthcare institutions have commonly reported exposure of employees, particularly nurses, to high levels of occupational violence. Despite such evidence in the Middle East Region, there is a dearth of national studies that have systematically investigated this phenomenon. This study investigates the prevalence, characteristics, consequences and factors associated with nurses’ exposure to occupational violence in Lebanon. Methods A cross-sectional design was utilized to survey a nationally representative sample of 915 nurses registered with the Order of Nurses in Lebanon. Stratified random sampling by governorate was utilized. Individually-mailed questionnaires collected information on exposure to violence, degree of burnout and demographic/professional background. The main outcome variables were exposure to verbal abuse (never, 1–3, 4–9 and 10+ times) and physical violence (never, ever) over the past 12-months. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate prevalence of violence. Multivariable, binomial and multinomial regression models were carried out to investigate the correlates of exposure to verbal abuse and physical violence, respectively. Results Response rate was 64.8%. Over the last year, prevalence of nurses’ exposure to verbal abuse was 62%, (CI: 58–65%) and physical violence was 10%, (CI: 8–13%). Among respondents, 31.7% of nurses indicated likelihood to quit their jobs and 22.3% were undetermined. Furthermore, 54.1% reported high levels of emotional exhaustion and 28.8% reported high levels of depersonalization. Compared to nurses with no exposure to verbal abuse, nurses reporting high exposure had high levels of emotional exhaustion (OR:6.4; CI:1.76–23.32), depersonalization (OR:6.8; CI: 3–15) and intention to quit job (OR:3.9; CI: 1.8–8.3). They further reported absence of anti-violence policies at their institutions (OR: 3; CI: 1.5–6.3). Nurses that were ever exposed to physical violence were more likely to be males (OR: 2.2; CI: 1.1–4.3), working day and night shifts (OR: 2.8; CI: 1.4–5.5) and subject to ten or more incidents of verbal abuse per year (OR: 46.7; CI: 10.1–214). Conclusions An alarming two-thirds of respondents reported exposure to verbal abuse which was found to be a significant predictor of the three subscales of burnout, intention to quit and exposure to physical violence. The prevalence of exposure to physical violence is disconcerting due to its severe consequences. Policy and decision-makers are urged to use study findings for policy and practice interventions to create safe work environments conducive to nurses’ productivity and retention.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                11 January 2020
                January 2020
                : 17
                : 2
                : 474
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, Bahia, Brazil; julitamaria@ 123456gmail.com (J.M.F.C.); sbonfimlago@ 123456gmail.com (S.B.L.); daraareis@ 123456gmail.com (D.A.R.d.S.); mcsouza@ 123456uneb.br (M.C.d.S.); deborahmonizecm@ 123456gmail.com (D.M.C.M.); marinho_m@ 123456hotmail.com (M.C.G.M.); sillgf@ 123456hotmail.com (S.L.G.F.); kau.araujo25@ 123456gmail.com (K.A.S.); janaocastro@ 123456outlook.com (J.d.O.C.); profmilenescmed@ 123456gmail.com (M.P.d.S.S.); mile-rosa@ 123456hotmail.com (M.O.C.); robertorbtm@ 123456hotmail.com (R.R.B.T.M.); fwrcamelier@ 123456gmail.com (F.W.R.C.)
                [2 ]Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil; ira_lua@ 123456hotmail.com (I.L.); luciaservo@ 123456yahoo.com.br (M.L.S.S.); mon.ica@ 123456terra.com.br (C.L.N.S.); lisboa.auditor@ 123456gmail.com (F.L.B.)
                [3 ]Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40026-010, Bahia, Brazil; douglasss-gbi@ 123456hotmail.com (D.d.S.e.S.); amalia0807@ 123456gmail.com (A.I.C.S.); mariliasmaia.fisio@ 123456gmail.com (M.d.S.M.); franconurse@ 123456gmail.com (C.F.G.); argemiro@ 123456ufba.br (A.D.J.)
                [4 ]School of Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; mtosoli@ 123456gmail.com (A.M.T.G.); dcouerj@ 123456gmail.com (D.C.d.O.); sergiocmarques@ 123456uol.com.br (S.C.M.); virginiafigueiredo@ 123456yahoo.com.br (V.P.F.); ellenperes@ 123456globo.com (E.M.P.); lcmoraesfranca@ 123456hotmail.com (L.C.M.F.)
                [5 ]Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88.040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil; alacoque.erdmann@ 123456ufsc.br
                [6 ]Postgraduate Program in Psychology, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo, Brazil; alvarorafael.peixoto@ 123456gmail.com
                [7 ]Department of Education, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Guanambi 46430-000, Bahia, Brazil; pabloluizsc@ 123456hotmail.com
                [8 ]Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Cruzeiro do Sul 69980-000, Acre, Brazil; kleyton.ufac@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: magnomerces@ 123456hotmail.com
                [†]

                Article extracted from the PhD thesis “Síndrome de Burnout e Síndrome Metabólica em Profissionais de Enfermagem da Atenção Primária à Saúde”, developed at the School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3493-8606
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9520-5177
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-0935
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-6786
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-3412
                Article
                ijerph-17-00474
                10.3390/ijerph17020474
                7014013
                31940749
                99a1651c-722e-4208-a1e0-e314148c9a4a
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 24 November 2019
                : 08 January 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                burnout,nursing,primary health care
                Public health
                burnout, nursing, primary health care

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