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      Perspectives on Research Internships for Medical Students and Young Doctors in Ghana: An Opportunity to Replenish the Stock of Physician Investigators?

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          Abstract

          The corona virus pandemic undoubtedly demonstrates the growing need for research in medical science. However, with the decline in physician scientists world-wide, innovative ways are needed to engender interest in research among medical students and young doctors to replenish the stock of physician investigators. One way of doing this is to create compulsory and elective projects for them. We describe research internships created for medical students at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research to expose them to the rudiments of biomedical research and proposal development. We also describe research internships for doctors waiting for house job postings or keen to do research who needed mentorship. Though the response has been positive, the full impact will be realized with time. The recognition that training should be backed with a supportive environment, mentorship and clear career paths for physician scientists is also mentioned.

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          Most cited references28

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          A review of literature on medical students and scholarly research: experiences, attitudes, and outcomes.

          The aim of medical student research programs is to develop interest in and competencies related to scholarly research within future physicians. Although schools invest in these programs, there is currently no consensus regarding what benefits they confer. The goal of this review is to characterize students' perceptions of research programs during medical school as well as the outcomes attributed to these programs to provide recommendations for their optimization.
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            Rescuing the physician-scientist workforce: the time for action is now.

            The 2014 NIH Physician-Scientist Workforce (PSW) Working Group report identified distressing trends among the small proportion of physicians who consider research to be their primary occupation. If unchecked, these trends will lead to a steep decline in the size of the workforce. They include high rates of attrition among young investigators, failure to maintain a robust and diverse pipeline, and a marked increase in the average age of physician-scientists, as older investigators have chosen to continue working and too few younger investigators have entered the workforce to replace them when they eventually retire. While the policy debates continue, here we propose four actions that can be implemented now. These include applying lessons from the MD-PhD training experience to postgraduate training, shortening the time to independence by at least 5 years, achieving greater diversity and numbers in training programs, and establishing Physician-Scientist Career Development offices at medical centers and universities. Rather than waiting for the federal government to solve our problems, we urge the academic community to address these goals by partnering with the NIH and national clinical specialty and medical organizations.
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              The physician-scientist career pipeline in 2005: build it, and they will come.

              Physician-scientists play a unique and critical role in medical research. Nonetheless, a number of trends followed during the 1980s and 1990s revealed that this career pathway was in serious jeopardy. Physician-scientists were declining in number and were getting older. A variety of factors were thought to contribute to this problem, including increasing indebtedness of medical school graduates caused by rapidly rising medical school tuition costs. To evaluate the impact of recently initiated programs from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and several not-for-profit institutions designed to revitalize the physician-scientist career pipeline. We assessed recent trends in the physician-scientist career pipeline using data obtained from the NIH, the American Medical Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and other sources. Total numbers of physicians performing research, grant application numbers and success rates for MDs, MD-PhDs, and PhDs at various stages in their careers, interest in research among medical students, medical school tuitions and postgraduate salaries, numbers and composition of applicants for NIH loan repayment programs, and gender distribution of young physician-scientists. The number of physician-scientists in the United States has been in a steady state for the past decade, but funded physician-scientists are significantly older than they were 2 decades ago. However, the study of early career markers over the past 7 to 10 years has demonstrated increasing interest in research careers by medical students, steady growth of the MD-PhD pool, and a new burst of activity in the "late bloomer" pool of MDs (individuals who choose research careers in medical school or in residency training), fueled by loan repayment programs that were created by the NIH in 2002. Several recent trends for more established physician-scientists have also suggested improvement. Although it is too early to assess the impact of these indicators on the long-term career pathway, the recent growth in activity in the physician-scientist career pipeline is an encouraging development. Continued funding of these new programs, coupled with sustained support for physician-scientists committed to the pathway, will be required to maintain these positive trends.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Adv Med Educ Pract
                Adv Med Educ Pract
                AMEP
                amep
                Advances in Medical Education and Practice
                Dove
                1179-7258
                07 July 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 473-478
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School , Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
                [2 ]Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research University of Ghana , Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
                [3 ]Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research University of Ghana , Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Edem MA Tette Email edemenator@googlemail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-6980
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-6516
                Article
                243719
                10.2147/AMEP.S243719
                7354947
                99a67d41-939e-4c95-9199-6742fb84f795
                © 2020 Tette et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 25 December 2019
                : 01 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, References: 30, Pages: 6
                Funding
                No special funding was obtained for these training interventions. However, the research by the young doctors who participated were funded from the research allowance of the supervising doctors and ongoing research projects funded by Building Stronger Universities Initiative Platform on Human Health (BSU-PHH) and Global Affairs Canada through Savanna Signatures, Naluro Estates, Tamale.
                Categories
                Perspectives

                research,internship,medical students,doctors,physician scientist,investigator,extracurricular research,medical education

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