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      Truncating mutations of MAGEL2cause Prader-Willi phenotypes and autism

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          Abstract

          Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is caused by the absence of paternally expressed, maternally silenced genes at 15q11-q13. We report four individuals with truncating mutations on the paternal allele of MAGEL2, a gene within the PWS domain. The first subject was ascertained by whole genome sequencing analysis for PWS features. Three additional subjects were identified by reviewing results of exome sequencing of 1248 cases in a clinical laboratory. All four subjects had autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and a varying degree of clinical and behavioral features of PWS. These findings suggest MAGEL2 is a novel gene causing complex ASDs, and MAGEL2loss of function can contribute to several aspects of the PWS phenotype.

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          De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum.

          Exome sequencing of 343 families, each with a single child on the autism spectrum and at least one unaffected sibling, reveal de novo small indels and point substitutions, which come mostly from the paternal line in an age-dependent manner. We do not see significantly greater numbers of de novo missense mutations in affected versus unaffected children, but gene-disrupting mutations (nonsense, splice site, and frame shifts) are twice as frequent, 59 to 28. Based on this differential and the number of recurrent and total targets of gene disruption found in our and similar studies, we estimate between 350 and 400 autism susceptibility genes. Many of the disrupted genes in these studies are associated with the fragile X protein, FMRP, reinforcing links between autism and synaptic plasticity. We find FMRP-associated genes are under greater purifying selection than the remainder of genes and suggest they are especially dosage-sensitive targets of cognitive disorders. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Exome sequencing in sporadic autism spectrum disorders identifies severe de novo mutations

            Evidence for the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has consistently pointed to a strong genetic component complicated by substantial locus heterogeneity 1,2 . We sequenced the exomes of 20 sporadic cases of ASD and their parents, reasoning that these families would be enriched for de novo mutations of major effect. We identified 21 de novo mutations, of which 11 were protein-altering. Protein-altering mutations were significantly enriched for changes at highly conserved residues. We identified potentially causative de novo events in 4/20 probands, particularly among more severely affected individuals, in FOXP1, GRIN2B, SCN1A, and LAMC3. In the FOXP1 mutation carrier, we also observed a rare inherited CNTNAP2 mutation and provide functional support for a multihit model for disease risk 3 . Our results demonstrate that trio-based exome sequencing is a powerful approach for identifying novel candidate genes for ASD and suggest that de novo mutations may contribute substantially to the genetic risk for ASD.
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              Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations

              It is well established that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a strong genetic component. However, for at least 70% of cases, the underlying genetic cause is unknown 1 . Under the hypothesis that de novo mutations underlie a substantial fraction of the risk for developing ASD in families with no previous history of ASD or related phenotypes—so-called sporadic or simplex families 2,3 , we sequenced all coding regions of the genome, i.e. the exome, for parent-child trios exhibiting sporadic ASD, including 189 new trios and 20 previously reported 4 . Additionally, we also sequenced the exomes of 50 unaffected siblings corresponding to these new (n = 31) and previously reported trios (n = 19) 4 , for a total of 677 individual exomes from 209 families. Here we show de novo point mutations are overwhelmingly paternal in origin (4:1 bias) and positively correlated with paternal age, consistent with the modest increased risk for children of older fathers to develop ASD 5 . Moreover, 39% (49/126) of the most severe or disruptive de novo mutations map to a highly interconnected beta-catenin/chromatin remodeling protein network ranked significantly for autism candidate genes. In proband exomes, recurrent protein-altering mutations were observed in two genes, CHD8 and NTNG1. Mutation screening of six candidate genes in 1,703 ASD probands identified additional de novo, protein-altering mutations in GRIN2B, LAMC3, and SCN1A. Combined with copy number variant (CNV) data, these results suggest extreme locus heterogeneity but also provide a target for future discovery, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                9216904
                2419
                Nat Genet
                Nat. Genet.
                Nature genetics
                1061-4036
                1546-1718
                31 October 2013
                29 September 2013
                November 2013
                01 May 2014
                : 45
                : 11
                : 10.1038/ng.2776
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
                [2 ]Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
                [3 ]The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
                [4 ]Division of Medical Genetics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
                [5 ]Complete Genomics, Inc., Mountain View, California 94043, USA
                Author notes
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                NIHMS522039
                10.1038/ng.2776
                3819162
                24076603
                99c7925d-0b3b-44de-9695-103fc84a4352

                Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data- mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Child Health & Human Development : NICHD
                Award ID: R01 HD037283 || HD
                Categories
                Article

                Genetics
                Genetics

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