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      Edible Vaccines

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          Abstract

          In recent years edible vaccine emerged as a new concept developed by biotechnologists. Edible vaccines are subunit vaccines where the selected genes are introduced into the plants and the transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein. Foods under such application include potato, banana, lettuce, corn, soybean, rice, and legumes. They are easy to administer, easy to store and readily acceptable delivery system for different age group patients yet cost effective. Edible vaccines present exciting possibilities for significantly reducing various diseases such as measles, hepatitis B, cholera, diarrhea, etc., mainly in developing countries. However, various technical and regulatory challenges need to overcome in the path of this emerging vaccine technology to make edible vaccine more efficient and applicable. This chapter attempts to discuss key aspects of edible vaccines like host plants, production, mechanism of action, advantages and limitations, applications, and different regulatory issues concerned to edible vaccines.

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          Most cited references16

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          Human immune responses to a novel norwalk virus vaccine delivered in transgenic potatoes.

          A new approach for delivering vaccine antigens is the use of inexpensive, plentiful, plant-based oral vaccines. Norwalk virus capsid protein (NVCP), assembled into virus-like particles, was used as a test antigen, to determine whether immune responses could be generated in volunteers who ingested transgenic potatoes. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers received 2 or 3 doses of transgenic potato (n=20) or 3 doses of wild-type potato (n=4). Each dose consisted of 150 g of raw, peeled, diced potato that contained 215-751 microgram of NVCP. Nineteen (95%) of 20 volunteers who ingested transgenic potatoes developed significant increases in the numbers of specific IgA antibody-secreting cells. Four (20%) of 20 volunteers developed specific serum IgG, and 6 (30%) of 20 volunteers developed specific stool IgA. Overall, 19 of 20 volunteers developed an immune response of some kind, although the level of serum antibody increases was modest.
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            Production of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants for oral immunization.

            Here we present data showing oral immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in preclinical animal trials. Mice fed transgenic HBsAg potato tubers showed a primary immune response (increases in HBsAg-specific serum antibody) that could be greatly boosted by intraperitoneal delivery of a single subimmunogenic dose of commercial HBsAg vaccine, indicating that plants expressing HBsAg in edible tissues may be a new means for oral hepatitis B immunization. However, attainment of such a goal will require higher HBsAg expression than was observed for the potatoes used in this study. We conducted a systematic analysis of factors influencing the accumulation of HBsAg in transgenic potato, including 5' and 3' flanking elements and protein targeting within plant cells. The most striking improvements resulted from (1) alternative polyadenylation signals, and (2) fusion proteins containing targeting signals designed to enhance integration or retention of HBsAg in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plant cells.
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              Immunogenicity in humans of an edible vaccine for hepatitis B.

              A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the immunogenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expressed in potatoes and delivered orally to previously vaccinated individuals. The potatoes accumulated HBsAg at approximately 8.5 microg/g of potato tuber, and doses of 100 g of tuber were administered by ingestion. The correlate of protection for hepatitis B virus, a nonenteric pathogen, is blood serum antibody titers against HBsAg. After volunteers ate uncooked potatoes, serum anti-HBsAg titers increased in 10 of 16 volunteers (62.5%) who ate three doses of potatoes; in 9 of 17 volunteers (52.9%) who ate two doses of transgenic potatoes; and in none of the volunteers who ate nontransgenic potatoes. These results were achieved without the coadministration of a mucosal adjuvant or the need for buffering stomach pH. We conclude that a plant-derived orally delivered vaccine for prevention of hepatitis B virus should be considered as a viable component of a global immunization program.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                9414543454 , induravi11@yahoo.com
                +919690600013 , mamtabaunthiyal@yahoo.co.in
                +919411375094 , jyotisaxena2000@yahoo.co.in
                saxenajyoti30@gmail.com
                shweta.biotech24@gmail.com
                Journal
                978-81-322-1554-7
                10.1007/978-81-322-1554-7
                Advances in Biotechnology
                Advances in Biotechnology
                978-81-322-1553-0
                978-81-322-1554-7
                22 October 2013
                : 207-226
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.257435.2, ISNI 0000000106937804, Regional Centre, , Indira Gandhi National Open University, ; Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
                [2 ]GRID grid.449902.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1807 2846, Biotechnology, , Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College, ; Ghurdauri, Pauri, Uttarakhand India
                [3 ]Biochemical Engineering, Bipin Tripathi Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat, Uttarakhand India
                Biochemical Engineering Department, BT Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat, Uttarakhand 263653 India
                Article
                12
                10.1007/978-81-322-1554-7_12
                7120417
                99cfffc8-6704-43e1-a521-6c383c3ead72
                © Springer India 2014

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                © Springer India 2014

                human immunodeficiency virus,transgenic plant,human papilloma virus,newcastle disease virus,rabies virus

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