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      Prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in patients with paraplegia caused by traumas Translated title: Prevalencia de trombose venosa profunda em paraplegicos de causa traumatica

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis is a common disease among people who are immobilized. Immobility is inherent to paraplegia and leads to venous stasis, which is one of the factors covered by Virchow's triad describing its development. Trauma is the primary cause of paraplegia and is currently increasing at a rate of 4% per year. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in paraplegic patients whose paraplegia was caused by traumas, using color Doppler ultrasonography for diagnosis. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 30 trauma-induced paraplegia patients, selected after analysis of medical records at the neurosurgery department of a University Hospital in Curitiba, Brazil, and by a proactive survey of associations that care for the physically disabled. The prevalence of deep vein thrombosis was analyzed using 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Spinal cord trauma was the cause of paraplegia in 29 patients. The most common cause of trauma was gunshot wounding, reported by 17 patients. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed by color Doppler ultrasonography in 14 patients in the sample. The most often affected vein was the posterior tibial, in 11 patients. The left lower limb was involved three times more often than the right. Edema was observed in 25 individuals, cyanosis in 14, ulcers in 8 and localized increase in temperature in 13. CONCLUSIONS: Deep vein thrombosis was prevalent, occurring in 46.7% of the patients.

          Translated abstract

          CONTEXTO: A trombose venosa profunda é uma doença comum em indivíduos imobilizados. A imobilização, inerente aos pacientes paraplégicos, gera a estase venosa, que é um dos fatores descritos da tríade de Virchow para o seu desenvolvimento. O trauma é a principal causa de paraplegia e, atualmente, vem aumentando a uma taxa de 4% ao ano. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de trombose venosa profunda em paraplégicos, em que o trauma foi o agente causal da paraplegia, utilizando como método diagnóstico o eco Doppler colorido. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal, composto por 30 pacientes paraplégicos por trauma, selecionados segundo uma análise de prontuários do Serviço de Neurocirurgia de um Hospital Universitário de Curitiba e por busca ativa em associações de assistência aos deficientes físicos. A análise da prevalência de trombose venosa profunda foi efetuada pelo intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: O traumatismo raquimedular foi a causa da paraplegia em 29 pacientes. A causa mais frequente do trauma foi o ferimento por arma de fogo, relatado por 17 pacientes. A presença de trombose venosa profunda diagnosticada por eco Doppler colorido foi observada em 14 pacientes da amostra. Dentre estes, a veia mais acometida foi a tibial posterior, em 11 pacientes. O membro inferior esquerdo foi três vezes mais acometido que o direito. O edema foi observado em 25 indivíduos, a cianose em 14, a úlcera em oito e o aumento de temperatura local em 13. CONCLUSÃO: A trombose venosa profunda foi prevalente, ocorrendo em 46,7% dos pacientes.

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          Most cited references62

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          Natural history of venous thromboembolism.

          Most deep vein thromboses (DVTs) start in the calf, and most probably resolve spontaneously. Thrombi that remain confined to the calf rarely cause leg symptoms or symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE). The probability that calf DVT will extend to involve the proximal veins and subsequently cause PE increases with the severity of the initiating prothrombotic stimulus. Although acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) usually presents with either leg or pulmonary symptoms, most patients have thrombosis at both sites at the time of diagnosis. Proximal DVTs resolve slowly during treatment with anticoagulants, and thrombi remain detectable in half of the patients after a year. Resolution of DVT is less likely in patients with a large initial thrombus or cancer. About 10% of patients with symptomatic DVTs develop severe post-thrombotic syndrome within 5 years, and recurrent ipsilateral DVT increases this risk. About 10% of PEs are rapidly fatal, and an additional 5% cause death later, despite diagnosis and treatment. About 50% of diagnosed PEs are associated with right ventricular dysfunction, which is associated with a approximately 5-fold greater in-hospital mortality. There is approximately 50% resolution of PE after 1 month of treatment, and perfusion eventually returns to normal in two thirds of patients. About 5% of treated patients with PE develop pulmonary hypertension as a result of poor resolution. After a course of treatment, the risk of recurrent thrombosis is higher (ie, approximately 10% per patient-year) in patients without reversible risk factors, in those with cancer, and in those with prothrombotic biochemical abnormalities such as antiphospholipid antibodies and homozygous factor V Leiden.
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            Primary prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in acute spinal cord injured patients.

            Prospective clinical trial. To evaluate the efficacy of a specific protocol for prevention of thrombo-embolic disease occurring during the acute stage of spinal cord lesions, based on the simultaneous use of pharmacological plus mechanical procedures. Regional Spinal Unit of Florence, Italy. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a dangerous pathology whose first clinical sign can be represented by unexpected pulmonary embolism (PE). Its incidence in acute spinal cord injured (SCI) patients is reported to range between 9% and 90%. Its prevention represents one of the major challenges for the clinicians involved in the care of such patients. Two hundred and seventy-five SCI patients consecutively admitted to our Centre were investigated by colour doppler ultrasonography of lower limbs and pelvis on admission, after 30-45 days and whenever clinically requested. Subcutaneous Nadroparine, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), plus early mobilisation, permanently dressed gradient elastic stockings (PGES), and external sequential pneumatic compression (ESPC) of the lower limbs, applied during the first 30 days after injury, were given to all of them. Colour doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) complete investigations of the lower limbs and pelvis were performed on admission, after 30-45 days and whenever clinically requested. The patients were divided into two groups according to their time interval from injury to the admission to our Centre. The incidence of detected DVT was 2% in those patients (99) admitted early to our centre (within 72 h from the trauma), who immediately received our prophylactic protocol. No PE was reported. The other group of patients (176), all admitted between 8 and 28 days (mean 12 days) developed DVT in 26% of cases. None of these patients received ESPC before being admitted to our Centre. No patient had been admitted between 3 and 8 days interval time post injury. Early application of pharmacological plus mechanical treatment for DVT prevention produces a marked reduction in such complications. It also reduces the risks of morbidity and mortality in our patients, and, not least, reduces the hospitalization costs during the early period of rehabilitation.
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              The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: an analysis of the first case reports of spinal cord injuries.

              J T Hughes (1988)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jvb
                Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
                J. vasc. bras.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV) (Porto Alegre )
                1677-7301
                December 2013
                : 12
                : 4
                : 271-277
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná Brazil
                [2 ] Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba Brazil
                [3 ] Centro Paranaense de Ecocardiografia Brazil
                Article
                S1677-54492013000400271
                10.1590/jvb.2013.051
                99dbc2dd-d7e3-4f4a-8cbd-2f7abe654644

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1677-5449&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
                PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
                SURGERY

                Surgery,Cardiovascular Medicine
                deep vein thrombosis,paraplegia,immobilization,trombose venosa profunda,imobilizacao

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