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      Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi among children in rural communities in Thailand Translated title: Potentiel zoonotique d’ Enterocytozoon bieneusi chez les enfants de communautés rurales en Thaïlande

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          Abstract

          Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common opportunistic intestinal pathogen worldwide. Genotype distribution of E. bieneusi differs by geography and host immunity. In order to investigate the prevalence, genotype characteristics, and host specificity of E. bieneusi in the community, we conducted a preliminary cross-sectional study among children in Western and Northern Thailand. Seventy-eight (78) and 102 stool samples were collected; the prevalence of E. bieneusi was 3.8% and 2.9% by nested PCR in Western and Northern Thailand, respectively. Three genotypes were identified: Genotype D predominated, followed by EbpC, and then novel genotype ETMK1. The first two genotypes have zoonotic potential. Analysis of the genetic proximity of the E. bieneusi ITS sequences from our study, compared with those published in genetic databases, showed that all positive samples were classified into Group 1, the largest group consisting of various host specificity. The present study demonstrates the possible zoonotic transmission of E. bieneusi in rural communities in Thailand. A large-scale investigation of both human and animal samples, as well as improvements in the available phylogenetic tools, will be required to elucidate transmission routes of E. bieneusi in this area.

          Translated abstract

          Enterocytozoon bieneusi est un pathogène intestinal opportuniste commun et mondial. La distribution des génotypes d’ E. bieneusi change selon la géographie et l’immunité des hôtes. Pour étudier la prévalence, les caractéristiques des génotypes et la spécificité aux hôtes d’ E. bieneusi dans la communauté, nous avons effectué une étude transversale préliminaire chez des enfants de l’ouest et du nord de la Thaïlande. Soixante-dix-huit (78) et 102 échantillons de selles ont été récoltés. La prévalence d’ E. bieneusi, étudiée par PCR, était de 3,8 % et 2,9 %, respectivement, dans l’ouest et le nord de la Thaïlande. Trois génotypes ont été identifiés : le génotype D prédominait, suivi par EbpC, et par le génotype nouveau ETMK1. Les deux premiers génotypes ont un potentiel zoonotique. L’analyse de la proximité génétique des séquences ITS des E. bieneusi de notre étude, comparées avec celles publiées dans les bases de données, montre que tous les échantillons positifs sont classés dans le Groupe 1, le plus grand groupe, qui inclut des spécificités d’hôtes variées. Cette étude démontre la possible transmission zoonotique d’ E. bieneusi dans les communautés rurales de Thaïlande. Une étude à grande échelle d’échantillons à la fois humains et animaux et des améliorations dans les outils phylogénétiques disponibles seront nécessaires pour élucider les voies de transmission d’ E. bieneusi dans cette zone.

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          Most cited references37

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          Microsporidiosis: Enterocytozoon bieneusi in domesticated and wild animals.

          Microsporidia are a ubiquitous group of obligate intracellular parasites that infect all major animal groups. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most commonly identified Microsporidia in humans and has also been reported worldwide in animals with importance in veterinary medicine (e.g., cats, dogs, horses, cattle and pigs). The identification of E. bieneusi in animals has raised the question of the importance of animal reservoirs in the epidemiology of this pathogen, and the implications of the infection with this pathogen in infected animals. Considerable genetic diversity within E. bieneusi has been found with over 90 genotypes identified based on the ITS nucleotide sequence of E. bieneusi spores recovered from the feces of infected humans and animals. Both host-adapted E. bieneusi genotypes with narrow host ranges and potentially zoonotic genotypes with wide host specificity have been identified. The information presented in this review should be useful in understanding the taxonomy, epidemiology, zoonotic potential, and importance in public health of E. bieneusi. Published by Elsevier India Pvt Ltd.
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            Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals.

            E S Didier (2005)
            Microsporidia have emerged as causes of infectious diseases in AIDS patients, organ transplant recipients, children, travelers, contact lens wearers, and the elderly. These organisms are small single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that were considered to be early eukaryotic protozoa but were recently reclassified with the fungi. Of the 14 species of microsporidia currently known to infect humans, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are the most common causes of human infections and are associated with diarrhea and systemic disease. Species of microsporidia infecting humans have been identified in water sources as well as in wild, domestic, and food-producing farm animals, raising concerns for waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic transmission. Current therapies for microsporidiosis include albendazole which is a benzimidazole that inhibits microtubule assembly and is effective against several microsporidia, including the Encephalitozoon species, but is less effective against E. bieneusi. Fumagillin, an antibiotic and anti-angiogenic compound produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, is more broadly effective against Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi but is toxic when administered systemically to mammals. Gene target studies have focused on methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) for characterizing the mechanism of action and for identifying more effective, less toxic fumagillin-related drugs. Polyamine analogues have shown promise in demonstrating anti-microsporidial activity in culture and in animal models, and a gene encoding topoisomerase IV was identified in Vittaforma corneae, raising prospects for studies on fluoroquinolone efficacy against microsporidia.
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              Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in swine: an 18-month survey at a slaughterhouse in Massachusetts.

              Slaughterhouse pig samples were analyzed by PCR for Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection. Thirty-two percent were found to be positive, with rates being higher over the summer months. Three isolates from pigs were identical in their ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence to human E. bieneusi type D, two were identical to type F (from a pig), and nine were previously unreported. The viability of these spores was demonstrated by their ability to infect gnotobiotic piglets. The presence of the infection in liver was shown by in situ hybridization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2013
                11 April 2013
                : 20
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2013/01 )
                : 14
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
                [2 ] Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: hirotakemori@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                parasite120023 10.1051/parasite/2013014
                10.1051/parasite/2013014
                3718542
                23587184
                9a09c143-e16b-4603-a6c1-e05517f5e91c
                © H. Mori et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2013

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 December 2012
                : 30 March 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Research Article

                microsporidia,zoonosis,enterocytozoon bieneusi,children,thailand

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