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      Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism and their regulation roles in fruit ripening Translated title: La biosíntesis y el catabolismo del ácido abscísico y sus funciones de regulación en la maduración del fruto

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          Abstract

          Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a series of significant physiology roles in higher plants including but not limited to promote bud and seed dormancy, accelerate foliage fall, induce stomatal closure, inhibit growth and enhance resistance. Recently, it has been revealed that ABA also has an important regulator role in the growth, development and ripening of fruit. In higher plants ABA is produced from an indirect pathway from the cleavage products of carotenoids. The accumulation of endogenous ABA levels in plants is a dynamic balance controlled by the processes of biosynthesis and catabolism, through the regulation of key ABA biosynthetic gene and enzyme activities. It has been hypothesized that ABA levels could be part of the signal that trigger fruit ripening, and that ABA may play an important role in the regulation of ripening and senescence of both non-climacteric and climacteric fruit. The expensive costs of natural ABA and labile active ABA for its chemical synthesis limit its application in scientific research and agricultural production. These findings that ABA has various of important roles in the regulation of growth and development, quality formation, coloring and softening, ripening and senescence of fruit, are providing opportunities and challenges for Horticultural Science. This is to elucidate the specific mechanism of response and biosynthesis, signal transduction, and receptor recognition of ABA in fruit, employing comprehensive research methods, such as molecular biology, plant physiology and molecular genetics. Further and more in-depth research about ABA has a great, realistic significance for knowing the mechanisms behind the process of fruit ripening.

          Translated abstract

          El ácido abscísico (ABA) desempeña una serie de funciones importantes en la fisiología de las plantas superiores, incluyendo pero no limitado a promover la dormancia de yemas y semillas, acelerar la caída de follaje, inducir el cierre de los estomas, inhibir el crecimiento y mejorar la resistencia. Recientemente, se ha revelado que el ABA también tiene un papel regulador importante en el crecimiento, desarrollo y maduración de la fruta. En las plantas superiores ABA se produce a partir de una vía indirecta a partir de los productos de excisión de carotenoides. La acumulación de los niveles endógenos de ABA en las plantas es un equilibrio dinámico controlado por los procesos de biosíntesis y catabolismo, a través de la regulación de las actividades clave de enzimas y genes relacionados con la biosíntesis de ABA. Se ha planteado la hipótesis de que los niveles de ABA podrían ser parte de la señal que desencadena la maduración del fruto, y que ABA puede desempeñar un papel importante en la regulación de la maduración y senescencia de la fruta tanto no climatérica como climatérica. Los altos precios de ABA natural y lábil activo de la síntesis de ABA químico limitan su aplicación en investigaciones científicas y la producción agrícola. El hecho de que ABA tiene una variedad de roles importantes en la regulación del crecimiento y desarrollo, y la determinación de la calidad, color, ablandamiento, maduración y senescencia de la fruta, están proporcionando oportunidades y desafíos en el campo de las Ciencias Hortícolas. Estas investigaciones son para dilucidar el mecanismo específico de respuesta y biosíntesis, transducción de señales, y reconocimiento del receptor de ABA en la fruta, empleando métodos de investigación integrales, tales como la biología molecular, la fisiología vegetal y la genética molecular. Se necesita investigación adicional y en profundidad sobre ABA, la que tiene una gran importancia realista para conocer los mecanismos involucrados en la maduración de la fruta.

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          Most cited references91

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          Abscisic acid inhibits type 2C protein phosphatases via the PYR/PYL family of START proteins.

          Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) are vitally involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Here, we show that a synthetic growth inhibitor called pyrabactin functions as a selective ABA agonist. Pyrabactin acts through PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1 (PYR1), the founding member of a family of START proteins called PYR/PYLs, which are necessary for both pyrabactin and ABA signaling in vivo. We show that ABA binds to PYR1, which in turn binds to and inhibits PP2Cs. We conclude that PYR/PYLs are ABA receptors functioning at the apex of a negative regulatory pathway that controls ABA signaling by inhibiting PP2Cs. Our results illustrate the power of the chemical genetic approach for sidestepping genetic redundancy.
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            Regulators of PP2C phosphatase activity function as abscisic acid sensors.

            The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a developmental signal and as an integrator of environmental cues such as drought and cold. Key players in ABA signal transduction include the type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) ABI1 and ABI2, which act by negatively regulating ABA responses. In this study, we identify interactors of ABI1 and ABI2 which we have named regulatory components of ABA receptor (RCARs). In Arabidopsis, RCARs belong to a family with 14 members that share structural similarity with class 10 pathogen-related proteins. RCAR1 was shown to bind ABA, to mediate ABA-dependent inactivation of ABI1 or ABI2 in vitro, and to antagonize PP2C action in planta. Other RCARs also mediated ABA-dependent regulation of ABI1 and ABI2, consistent with a combinatorial assembly of receptor complexes.
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              The Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 CYP707A encodes ABA 8'-hydroxylases: key enzymes in ABA catabolism.

              The hormonal action of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants is controlled by the precise balance between its biosynthesis and catabolism. In plants, ABA 8'-hydroxylation is thought to play a predominant role in ABA catabolism. ABA 8'-hydroxylase was shown to be a cytochrome P450 (P450); however, its corresponding gene had not been identified. Through phylogenetic and DNA microarray analyses during seed imbibition, the candidate genes for this enzyme were narrowed down from 272 Arabidopsis P450 genes. These candidate genes were functionally expressed in yeast to reveal that members of the CYP707A family, CYP707A1-CYP707A4, encode ABA 8'-hydroxylases. Expression analyses revealed that CYP707A2 is responsible for the rapid decrease in ABA level during seed imbibition. During drought stress conditions, all CYP707A genes were upregulated, and upon rehydration a significant increase in mRNA level was observed. Consistent with the expression analyses, cyp707a2 mutants exhibited hyperdormancy in seeds and accumulated six-fold greater ABA content than wild type. These results demonstrate that CYP707A family genes play a major regulatory role in controlling the level of ABA in plants.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                phyton
                Phyton (Buenos Aires)
                Phyton (B. Aires)
                Fundación Rómulo Raggio (Vicente López, Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                1851-5657
                December 2015
                : 84
                : 2
                : 444-453
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameBohai University orgdiv1Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Storage & Processing, Food Science Research Institute China
                Article
                S1851-56572015000200025
                9a10b38e-78bd-4b2c-add7-6f6aa5fb60cd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 September 2014
                : 05 October 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 89, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Ácido abscísico,Biosíntesis,Catabolismo,Regulación,Fruta,Maduración,Abscisic acid (ABA),Biosynthesis,Catabolism,Regulation,Fruit,Ripening

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