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      A systematic review of controlled trials on visual stress using Intuitive Overlays or the Intuitive Colorimeter Translated title: Revisión sistemática de los ensayos controlados sobre estrés visual utilizando filtros intuitivos o colorímetros

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          Abstract

          Claims that coloured filters aid reading date back 200 years and remain controversial. Some claims, for example, that more than 10% of the general population and 50% of people with dyslexia would benefit from coloured filters lack sound evidence and face validity. Publications with such claims typically cite research using methods that have not been described in the scientific literature and lack a sound aetiological framework.

          Notwithstanding these criticisms, some researchers have used more rigorous selection criteria and methods of prescribing coloured filters that were developed at a UK Medical Research Council unit and which have been fully described in the scientific literature. We review this research and disconfirm many of the more extreme claims surrounding this topic. This literature indicates that a minority subset of dyslexics (circa 20%) may have a condition described as visual stress which most likely results from a hyperexcitability of the visual cortex. Visual stress is characterised by symptoms of visual perceptual distortions, headaches, and eyestrain when viewing repetitive patterns, including lines of text. This review indicates that visual stress is distinct from, although sometimes co-occurs with, dyslexia. Individually prescribed coloured filters have been shown to improve reading performance in people with visual stress, but are unlikely to influence the phonological and memory deficits associated with dyslexia and therefore are not a treatment for dyslexia.

          This review concludes that larger and rigorous randomised controlled trials of interventions for visual stress are required. Improvements in the diagnosis of the condition are also a priority.

          Resumen

          Las aseveraciones acerca de que los filtros coloreados ayudan a la lectura se remontan 200 años atrás, y siguen siendo controvertidas. Por ejemplo, algunas afirmaciones relativas a que el 10% de la población general y el 50% de las personas disléxicas podrían beneficiarse de los filtros coloreados carecen de evidencia y de validez firmes. Las publicaciones que incluyen dichas afirmaciones citan, normalmente, investigaciones que hacen uso de métodos no descritos en la literatura científica y que carecen de marcos etiológicos sólidos.

          A pesar de estas críticas, algunos investigadores han utilizado unos criterios y métodos de selección más rigurosos para la prescripción de filtros coloreados, desarrollados en una unidad del Medical Research Council del Reino Unido y que se han descrito cuidadosamente en la literatura científica. Revisamos todas estas investigaciones que desmienten muchas de las aseveraciones más extremas que rodean a esta cuestión. Esta literatura científica consistente indica que un subgrupo minoritario de disléxicos (de alrededor del 20%) puede padecer una afección médica descrita como estrés visual, que deriva muy probablemente de la hiperexcitabilidad de la corteza visual. El estrés visual se caracteriza por síntomas de distorsión de la percepción visual, cefaleas, y fatiga visual al visualizar patrones repetitivos, incluyendo las líneas de texto. Esta revisión indica que el estrés visual es diferente a la dislexia, aunque a veces coexisten ambas situaciones. Se ha demostrado que los filtros coloreados individualmente prescritos mejoran el desempeño lector en personas con estrés visual, pero es improbable que mejoren los déficits fonológicos y de memoria que se asocian a la dislexia, por lo que no constituyen un tratamiento para la misma.

          Esta revisión concluye que se precisan más ensayos controlados y aleatorizados sobre intervenciones para el estrés visual. También son prioritarias las mejoras diagnósticas de dicha afección.

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          Most cited references75

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          Eating behavior and stress: a pathway to obesity

          Stress causes or contributes to a huge variety of diseases and disorders. Recent evidence suggests obesity and other eating-related disorders may be among these. Immediately after a stressful event is experienced, there is a corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH)-mediated suppression of food intake. This diverts the body’s resources away from the less pressing need to find and consume food, prioritizing fight, flight, or withdrawal behaviors so the stressful event can be dealt with. In the hours following this, however, there is a glucocorticoid-mediated stimulation of hunger and eating behavior. In the case of an acute stress that requires a physical response, such as a predator-prey interaction, this hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulation of food intake allows the stressful event to be dealt with and the energy used to be replaced afterward. In the case of ongoing psychological stress, however, chronically elevated glucocorticoids can lead to chronically stimulated eating behavior and excessive weight gain. In particular, stress can enhance the propensity to eat high calorie “palatable” food via its interaction with central reward pathways. Activation of this circuitry can also interact with the HPA axis to suppress its further activation, meaning not only can stress encourage eating behavior, but eating can suppress the HPA axis and the feeling of stress. In this review we will explore the theme of eating behavior and stress and how these can modulate one another. We will address the interactions between the HPA axis and eating, introducing a potential integrative role for the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin. We will also examine early life and epigenetic modulation of the HPA axis and how this can influence eating behavior. Finally, we will investigate the clinical implications of changes to HPA axis function and how this may be contributing to obesity in our society.
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            A neurological basis for visual discomfort.

            Certain patterns of stripes are judged to be unpleasant to look at. They induce illusions of colour, shape and motion that are sometimes perceived predominantly to one side of fixation. People who suffer frequent headaches tend to report more illusions, and if the pain consistently occurs on the same side of the head the illusions tend to be lateralized. The parameters of the patterns that induce illusions (including their shape, spatial frequency, duty cycle, contrast and cortical representation) closely resemble those that elicit epileptiform electroencephalographic abnormalities in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. The viewing conditions under which such abnormalities are likely to appear are also those under which more illusions are seen.
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              De testimonio: on the evidence for decisions about the use of therapeutic interventions.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Optom
                J Optom
                Journal of Optometry
                Elsevier
                1888-4296
                1989-1342
                11 July 2016
                Oct-Dec 2016
                11 July 2016
                : 9
                : 4
                : 205-218
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Optometry, London, UK
                [b ]Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences and Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Institute of Optometry, 56-62 Newington Causeway, London SE1 6DS, UK.Institute of Optometry56-62 Newington CausewayLondonSE1 6DSUK admin@ 123456ioo.org.uk
                Article
                S1888-4296(16)30007-3
                10.1016/j.optom.2016.04.002
                5030324
                27425262
                9a26ef9e-bda9-4c5a-b98b-7f932d63ca9d
                © 2016 Published by Elsevier Espa˜na, S.L.U. on behalf of Spanish General Council of Optometry.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 16 February 2016
                : 3 April 2016
                Categories
                Review

                io, intuitive overlay,ic, intuitive colorimeter,pgt, pattern glare test,prvs, pattern related visual stress,rct, randomised controlled trial,vs, visual stress,wrrt, wilkins rate of reading test,visual stress,coloured overlays,colorimeter,review,estrés visual,filtros coloreados,colorímetro,revisión

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