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      Ginger Root Bioactive Compounds Specifically Inhibits Growth of Colon Cancer Cells in Culture

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          Colon cancer is affluent among many people, and having cancer greatly impacts the lives of many. Ginger is a common food, particularly in Asian cuisine. However, the health benefits of ginger as a whole food and 6-gingerol, its bioactive compound in prevention of colon cancer have not been fully addressed. This experiment investigated effects of ginger juice and 6-gingerol on colon cancer cell growth and death.

          Methods:

          Fresh ginger roots were homogenized for juice preparation. Total phenolic contents of ginger juice were measured using Folin-C assay. Colon cancer SW480 cells and normal colon epithelial cells CCD-18Co were treated with ginger juice and/or 6-gingerol. Cell metabolic activity was assessed by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were accessed by immunoblotting. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA with a Tukey post-hoc test and statistical significance was set at P < .05.

          Results:

          The results showed that ginger juice selectively inhibited SW480 cell growth at 25 µL/mL for 40 hours. High doses of ginger juice (at 50 and 100 µL/mL for 40 hours) inhibited the growth of both cell types. This was independent of caspase-3 activation. Six-gingerol specifically inhibited SW480 cell growth starting at 0.5 µmoL/L ( P < .01). More than 1 µmoL/L 6-gingerol did not give more power to inhibit SW480 cell growth. The results also showed that CCD-18Co cell growth rates were not changed after 6-gingerol treatments (up to 10 µmoL/L, P > .1). Immunoblotting results revealed that the elevation of Myt1 levels and decreases in CDK1, p21 Wafl/Cip1 and pSer642-Wee1 only occurred in SW480 but not CCD-18Co cells when treated with 1 and/or 2.5 µmoL/L 6-gingerol for 40 hours.

          Conclusion:

          6-gingerol can specifically inhibit SW480 cancer cells without killing normal CCd-18Co cells, through cell cycle arrest. Ginger juice can selectively inhibit colon cancer cell growth in a narrow window at ~25 µL/mL.

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          Most cited references25

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          Fundamentals of cancer metabolism

          Researchers provide a conceptual framework to understand current knowledge of the fundamentals of cancer metabolism.
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            Colorectal cancer.

            More than 1·2 million patients are diagnosed with colorectal cancer every year, and more than 600,000 die from the disease. Incidence strongly varies globally and is closely linked to elements of a so-called western lifestyle. Incidence is higher in men than women and strongly increases with age; median age at diagnosis is about 70 years in developed countries. Despite strong hereditary components, most cases of colorectal cancer are sporadic and develop slowly over several years through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. The cornerstones of therapy are surgery, neoadjuvant radiotherapy (for patients with rectal cancer), and adjuvant chemotherapy (for patients with stage III/IV and high-risk stage II colon cancer). 5-year relative survival ranges from greater than 90% in patients with stage I disease to slightly greater than 10% in patients with stage IV disease. Screening has been shown to reduce colorectal cancer incidence and mortality, but organised screening programmes are still to be implemented in most countries. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

              Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a common and widely used spice. It is rich in various chemical constituents, including phenolic compounds, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and raw fibers. The health benefits of ginger are mainly attributed to its phenolic compounds, such as gingerols and shogaols. Accumulated investigations have demonstrated that ginger possesses multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, respiratory protective, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger, and the mechanisms of action are also discussed. We hope that this updated review paper will attract more attention to ginger and its further applications, including its potential to be developed into functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of chronic diseases.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutr Metab Insights
                Nutr Metab Insights
                NMI
                spnmi
                Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                1178-6388
                15 May 2024
                2024
                : 17
                : 11786388241231163
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
                [2 ]Class of 2024, Stillwater High School, Stillwater, OK, USA
                [3 ]Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Peiran Lu, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 301 NRD, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Email: peiran.lu@ 123456okstate.edu
                Article
                10.1177_11786388241231163
                10.1177/11786388241231163
                11097737
                38756503
                9a542917-214b-42f5-b9cf-cba9e07fcdb3
                © The Author(s) 2024

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 26 December 2023
                : 21 January 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: oklahoma state university , FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100007069;
                Categories
                Short Report
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2024
                ts1

                6-gingerol,apoptosis,cell cycle arrest,colorectal cancer,epithelial cell,phenol

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