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      Spatial Variability of Soil Properties and Portable X-Ray Fluorescence-quantified Elements of typical Golf Courses Soils

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      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Ecology, Environmental sciences

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          Abstract

          Understanding and quantitative delineation of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (PXRF) -quantified elements and soil properties spatial variability are important for healthy turf development for golf courses. In this study, PXRF-quantified elements and soil properties (except soil acidity and alkalinity (pH), electric conductivity (EC), and textures) of 200 soil samples were measured by PXRF analyzer at different golf courses in Lubbock, Amarillo, and Midland in Texas, and Hobbs in New Mexico. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA), empirical bayesian kriging (EBK) and the ordinary least square model (OLSM) were used in the study. Two kinds of components were extracted and interpreted by PCA, the results showed Zn, Ti, Fe, Rb, V, Mn and Zr were associated with the component 1, while Sr was associated with the component 2, the preliminary classification of PXRF-quantified elements was formed by PCA. The EBK approach was used to evaluate the spatial patterns of PXRF-quantified elements and soil properties. The OLSM model quantitatively related pH to EC, silt texture and the PXRF-quantified K, Ca and Sr. The integration of PCA, EBK and OLSM revealed quantitative links between soil pedogenesis and causes, spatial variability and couple relationships of PXRF-quantified elements and soil properties over golf courses.

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          Water balance creates a threshold in soil pH at the global scale

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            Environmental science. Digital soil map of the world.

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              Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples.

              One of the critical factors for successfully conducting contamination characterization, removal, and remedial operations at hazardous waste sites is rapid and appropriate response to analyze samples in a timely fashion. Turnaround time associated with off-site analysis is often too slow to support efficient utilization of the data. Field portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) techniques provide viable and effective analytical approaches to meet on-site analysis needs for many types of environmental samples. Applications include the in situ analysis of metals in soils and sediments, thin films/particulates, and lead in paint.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yyjtshkh@126.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                16 January 2020
                16 January 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 519
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1761 1174, GRID grid.27255.37, S&T Information Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Agronomy College of Shandong University, ; Jinan, China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0644 6150, GRID grid.452757.6, S&T Information Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Jinan, China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0644 6150, GRID grid.452757.6, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Jinan, China
                Article
                57430
                10.1038/s41598-020-57430-y
                6965603
                31949222
                9a5a09a8-51ac-4cb2-a60f-2b4dda698b6c
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 13 June 2019
                : 31 December 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: The Study Abroad Project Funds of Shandong Province Government grant number Project No.37
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                © The Author(s) 2020

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                ecology,environmental sciences
                Uncategorized
                ecology, environmental sciences

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