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      Phylomitogenomic analyses on collembolan higher taxa with enhanced taxon sampling and discussion on method selection

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          Abstract

          Collembola are a basal group of Hexapoda renowned for both unique morphological characters and significant ecological roles. However, a robust and plausible phylogenetic relationship between its deeply divergent lineages has yet to be achieved. We carried out a mitophylogenomic study based on a so far the most comprehensive mitochondrial genome dataset. Our data matrix contained mitogenomes of 31 species from almost all major families of all four orders, with 16 mitogenomes newly sequenced and annotated. We compared the linear arrangements of genes along mitochondria across species. Then we conducted 13 analyses each under a different combination of character coding, partitioning scheme and heterotachy models, and assessed their performance in phylogenetic inference. Several hypothetical tree topologies were also tested. Mitogenomic structure comparison revealed that most species share the same gene order of putative ancestral pancrustacean pattern, while seven species from Onychiuridae, Poduridae and Symphypleona bear different levels of gene rearrangements, indicating phylogenetic signals. Tomoceroidea was robustly recovered for the first time in the presence of all its families and subfamilies. Monophyly of Onychiuroidea was supported using unpartitioned models alleviating LBA. Paronellidae was revealed polyphyletic with two subfamilies inserted independently into Entomobryidae. Although Entomobryomorpha has not been well supported, more than half of the analyses obtained convincing topologies by placing Tomoceroidea within or near remaining Entomobryomorpha. The relationship between elongate-shaped and spherical-shaped collembolans still remained ambiguous, but Neelipleona tend to occupy the basal position in most trees. This study showed that mitochondrial genomes could provide important information for reconstructing the relationships among Collembola when suitable analytical approaches are implemented. Of all the data refining and model selecting schemes used in this study, the combination of nucleotide sequences, partitioning model and exclusion of third codon positions performed better in generating more reliable tree topology and higher node supports than others.

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          Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in hominoidea.

          A maximum likelihood method for inferring evolutionary trees from DNA sequence data was developed by Felsenstein (1981). In evaluating the extent to which the maximum likelihood tree is a significantly better representation of the true tree, it is important to estimate the variance of the difference between log likelihood of different tree topologies. Bootstrap resampling can be used for this purpose (Hasegawa et al. 1988; Hasegawa and Kishino 1989), but it imposes a great computation burden. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a new method for estimating the variance by expressing it explicitly. The method was applied to DNA sequence data from primates in order to evaluate the maximum likelihood branching order among Hominoidea. It was shown that, although the orangutan is convincingly placed as an outgroup of a human and African apes clade, the branching order among human, chimpanzee, and gorilla cannot be determined confidently from the DNA sequence data presently available when the evolutionary rate constancy is not assumed.
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            FASconCAT-G: extensive functions for multiple sequence alignment preparations concerning phylogenetic studies

            Background Phylogenetic and population genetic studies often deal with multiple sequence alignments that require manipulation or processing steps such as sequence concatenation, sequence renaming, sequence translation or consensus sequence generation. In recent years phylogenetic data sets have expanded from single genes to genome wide markers comprising hundreds to thousands of loci. Processing of these large phylogenomic data sets is impracticable without using automated process pipelines. Currently no stand-alone or pipeline compatible program exists that offers a broad range of manipulation and processing steps for multiple sequence alignments in a single process run. Results Here we present FASconCAT-G, a system independent editor, which offers various processing options for multiple sequence alignments. The software provides a wide range of possibilities to edit and concatenate multiple nucleotide, amino acid, and structure sequence alignment files for phylogenetic and population genetic purposes. The main options include sequence renaming, file format conversion, sequence translation between nucleotide and amino acid states, consensus generation of specific sequence blocks, sequence concatenation, model selection of amino acid replacement with ProtTest, two types of RY coding as well as site exclusions and extraction of parsimony informative sites. Convieniently, most options can be invoked in combination and performed during a single process run. Additionally, FASconCAT-G prints useful information regarding alignment characteristics and editing processes such as base compositions of single in- and outfiles, sequence areas in a concatenated supermatrix, as well as paired stem and loop regions in secondary structure sequence strings. Conclusions FASconCAT-G is a command-line driven Perl program that delivers computationally fast and user-friendly processing of multiple sequence alignments for phylogenetic and population genetic applications and is well suited for incorporation into analysis pipelines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-014-0081-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Incorporating Molecular Evolution into Phylogenetic Analysis, and a New Compilation of Conserved Polymerase Chain Reaction Primers for Animal Mitochondrial DNA

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Visualization
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Software
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Resources
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                13 April 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 4
                : e0230827
                Affiliations
                [1 ] J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
                [2 ] Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
                [3 ] Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
                [4 ] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
                [5 ] Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
                [6 ] Environmental Management, School of Applied and Biomedical Science, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
                [7 ] Division of Biology, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
                Saint Mary's University, CANADA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2984-0540
                Article
                PONE-D-19-30362
                10.1371/journal.pone.0230827
                7153868
                32282807
                9a65abc0-9e24-43a6-b993-d3ac9b744fcf
                © 2020 Sun et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 31 October 2019
                : 9 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41571052
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41971063
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41430857
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41811530086
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 31861133006
                This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 41571052, 41971063, 41430857, 41811530086, 31861133006]; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; and Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Database and Informatics Methods
                Bioinformatics
                Sequence Analysis
                Amino Acid Sequence Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Research and analysis methods
                Database and informatics methods
                Bioinformatics
                Sequence analysis
                DNA sequence analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Bioenergetics
                Energy-Producing Organelles
                Mitochondria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Energy-Producing Organelles
                Mitochondria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Molecular Biology
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Sequencing Techniques
                Nucleotide Sequencing
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Sequencing Techniques
                Nucleotide Sequencing
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Database and Informatics Methods
                Bioinformatics
                Sequence Analysis
                Sequence Alignment
                Custom metadata
                All the new sequences will be available from the GenBank database (accession numbers are given in Table 1, but sequences will not be available until acceptance of the manuscript). Furthermore, sequence data of this project has been deposited at the NCBI under the accession numbers MK431895, MK431900, MK431896, MK409685, MK423967, MK431894, MK431898, MK423966, MK409686, MK423968, MK431897, MK431893, MK423965, MK423969, MK423964, and MK431899.

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