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      Management and research on plastic debris in Uruguayan Aquatic Systems: update and perspectives Translated title: Pesquisas e manejo de descartes plásticos em sistemas aquáticos uruguaios: atualização e perspectivas

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      Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
      Associação Portuguesa dos Recursos Hídricos
      Plastic and microplastic pollution, Río de la Plata, Aquatic systems, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Waste management, Uruguay, Contaminação por plásticos e microplásticos, Rio de la Plata, Gestão Costeira Integrada, Gestão de resíduos

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          Abstract

          Synthetic plastics have become an indispensable component of modern life, and the amount of plastics disposal has increased dramatically as a result. With human population increasing, it is expected that the prevalence of plastic debris in the environment will also increase, unless sustainable daily habits are incorporated, waste management improved, and new alternative materials are discovered and popularized. To date, several reports show negative effects of plastic debris on marine and freshwater fauna (e.g. invertebrates, birds, turtles, marine mammals). Plastic are ubiquitous in the water column, deposited in fine sediments and enter the guts, respiratory structures and tissues of different aquatic species, and are incorporated into food webs via ingestion. This global problem also affects beach and near-shore activities (e.g. tourism, fisheries, and aquaculture) with negative social and economic consequences. The research of plastics effect on aquatic environments in Uruguay is only incipient. With the aim of contributing to scientific knowledge, decision-making and the management of plastic debris, here we reviewed the available information on plastic debris sources, their impacts on biodiversity, and policy issues in Uruguayan aquatic systems. Moreover, we reviewed and systematized community outreach initiatives, and examined national policies and management initiatives. We found that Uruguayan aquatic systems (freshwater, coastal marine and benthic) are affected by plastic pollution, both from land-based and sea-based activities, although national-level policies are modern and well suited for minimizing the impacts of plastic pollution. We reviewed biota-plastic debris interactions, and found evidence for impacts on a number of aquatic taxa, including the poorly reported ingestion of microplastics in freshwaters fishes and the association with plastic benthic debris. Global and regional hydrographic settings (Río de la Plata Estuary), as well as idiosyn-cratic ecological, socio-economic and cultural issues, make Uruguay a valuable test-site for this topic. Our ultimate goal is to minimize the effects of this widespread environmental, economic, health and aesthetic problem.

          Translated abstract

          Produtos plásticos tem se tornado um componente indispensável na vida moderna, como conseqüência disso a quantidade de plásticos descartados tem dramaticamente aumentado. É esperado que com o aumento da população de seres humanos a prevalência de descartes plásticos também aumente, a menos que hábitos cotidianos sustentáveis sejam incorporados, e novos materiais alternativos sejam descobertos e popularizados. Até o momento, diversas pesquisas têm mostrado os efeitos negativos de descartes plásticos sobre a fauna marinha e dulcícola (p. ex.: invertebrados, aves, tartarugas e mamíferos marinhos). Em ambientes aquáticos, plásticos estão em toda parte: na coluna de água, depositados em sedimento fino e dentro de estômago, estruturas respiratórias e tecidos de diversas espécies aquáticas, e são incorporadas nas teias alimentares através da ingestão. Este problema global também afeta atividades realizadas na praia e próximas à costa (p. ex.: turismo, pesca, e aqüicultura) com conseqüências sociais e econômicas negativas. Pesquisas que abordem os efeitos de plásticos sobre ambientes aquáticos no Uruguai é ainda incipiente. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento científico, a tomada de decisões e o manejo de descartes plásticos, revisou-se a informação disponível acerca de fontes de descartes plásticos, observando os impactos delas sobre a biodiversidade e sobre questões políticas em sistemas aquáticos uruguaios. Além disso, revisou-se e sistematizou-se o alcance de iniciativas da comunidade, e examinou-se a política nacional de iniciativas de manejo. Descobrimos que os sistemas aquáticos uruguaios (de água doce, costeiros e marinhos bentônicos) são afetados pela poluição de plástico, pelas atividades terrestres e pelas atividades ligadas ao mar, embora as políticas a nível nacional sejam modernas e bem adaptadas para minimizar os impactos dessa poluição. Revisamos as interações biota-detritos plásticos, e encontramos evidência de impactos sobre diversos taxa aquáticos, incluindo a ingestão de microplástico per peixes de água doce, e da associação que existe entre biota e os detritos plásticos bentônica, geralmente pouco relatados. As configurações hidrográficas globais e regionais (Estuário Rio de la Plata), bem como questões ecológicas idiossincráticas, sócio-econômico e culturais fazem do Uruguai um valioso lugar-teste para este tópico. O objetivo final dessa pesquisa é minimizar os efeitos deste amplamente difundido problema de saúde, ambiental, econômico e estético.

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          Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife.

          Plastics debris in the marine environment, including resin pellets, fragments and microscopic plastic fragments, contain organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides (2,2'-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, hexachlorinated hexanes), polybrominated diphenylethers, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, at concentrations from sub ng g(-1) to microg g(-1). Some of these compounds are added during plastics manufacture, while others adsorb from the surrounding seawater. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants adsorbed on plastics showed distinct spatial variations reflecting global pollution patterns. Model calculations and experimental observations consistently show that polyethylene accumulates more organic contaminants than other plastics such as polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. Both a mathematical model using equilibrium partitioning and experimental data have demonstrated the transfer of contaminants from plastic to organisms. A feeding experiment indicated that PCBs could transfer from contaminated plastics to streaked shearwater chicks. Plasticizers, other plastics additives and constitutional monomers also present potential threats in terrestrial environments because they can leach from waste disposal sites into groundwater and/or surface waters. Leaching and degradation of plasticizers and polymers are complex phenomena dependent on environmental conditions in the landfill and the chemical properties of each additive. Bisphenol A concentrations in leachates from municipal waste disposal sites in tropical Asia ranged from sub microg l(-1) to mg l(-1) and were correlated with the level of economic development.
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            Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption.

            Microplastics are present throughout the marine environment and ingestion of these plastic particles (<1 mm) has been demonstrated in a laboratory setting for a wide array of marine organisms. Here, we investigate the presence of microplastics in two species of commercially grown bivalves: Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas. Microplastics were recovered from the soft tissues of both species. At time of human consumption, M. edulis contains on average 0.36 ± 0.07 particles g(-1) (wet weight), while a plastic load of 0.47 ± 0.16 particles g(-1) ww was detected in C. gigas. As a result, the annual dietary exposure for European shellfish consumers can amount to 11,000 microplastics per year. The presence of marine microplastics in seafood could pose a threat to food safety, however, due to the complexity of estimating microplastic toxicity, estimations of the potential risks for human health posed by microplastics in food stuffs is not (yet) possible.
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              Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment.

              Plastic resin pellets (small granules 0.1-0.5 centimeters in diameter) are widely distributed in the ocean all over the world. They are an industrial raw material for the plastic industry and are unintentionally released to the environment both during manufacturing and transport. They are sometimes ingested by seabirds and other marine organisms, and their adverse effects on organisms are a concern. In the present study, PCBs, DDE, and nonylphenols (NP) were detected in polypropylene (PP) resin pellets collected from four Japanese coasts. Concentrations of PCBs (4-117 ng/g), DDE (0.16-3.1 ng/g), and NP (0.13-16 microg/g) varied among the sampling sites. These concentrations were comparable to those for suspended particles and bottom sediments collected from the same area as the pellets. Field adsorption experiments using PP virgin pellets demonstrated significant and steady increase in PCBs and DDE concentrations throughout the six-day experiment, indicating that the source of PCBs and DDE is ambient seawater and that adsorption to pellet surfaces is the mechanism of enrichment. The major source of NP in the marine PP resin pellets was thought to be plastic additives and/or their degradation products. Comparison of PCBs and DDE concentrations in mari
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                rgci
                Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
                RGCI
                Associação Portuguesa dos Recursos Hídricos (Lisboa )
                1646-8872
                September 2015
                : 15
                : 3
                : 377-393
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [2 ] Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Uruguay
                [3 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [4 ] Centro de Investigación y Conservación Marina Uruguay
                [5 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [6 ] Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca Uruguay
                [7 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [8 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [9 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [10 ] University of Valencia Spain
                [11 ] Queen's University U.K.
                [12 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [13 ] ONG Karumbé Uruguay
                [14 ] Ministerio de Vivienda Uruguay
                Article
                S1646-88722015000300007
                10.5894/rgci583
                9a6bda98-870a-415a-a3a6-97ffbc6be639

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1646-8872&lng=en
                Categories
                WATER RESOURCES

                Oceanography & Hydrology
                Plastic and microplastic pollution,Río de la Plata,Aquatic systems,Integrated Coastal Zone Management,Waste management,Uruguay,Contaminação por plásticos e microplásticos,Rio de la Plata,Gestão Costeira Integrada,Gestão de resíduos

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