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      ASPECTOS DOS MECANISMOS DE DEFESA DA LAGARTA DA SOJA ANTICARSIA GEMMATALIS (HÜBNER, 1818) RELACIONADOS AO CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO POR BACULOVIRUS ANTICARSIA (AGMNPV) Translated title: ASPECTS OF THE DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR ANTICARSIA GEMMATALIS (HÜNBER, 1818) RELATED TO THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FOR BACULOVIRUS ANTICARSIA (AGMNPV)

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          Abstract

          RESUMO A lagarta da soja Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818), uma das principais pragas que ataca a cultura de soja, tem como controle biológico o vírus da poliedrose nuclear multicapsídeo Baculovirus anticarsia (AgMNPV), amplamente utilizado pelos agricultores brasileiros nas últimas 3 décadas. Diante da atual importância econômica da sojicultura para o Brasil e considerando os prejuízos acarretados pelo ataque da lagarta da soja, esta revisão tem por objetivo abordar os principais aspectos da biologia e dos mecanismos de defesa deste inseto, bem como seu biocontrole pelo AgMNPV.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The velvetbean Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818), one of the main pests that attack the soy crop has a biological control in the form of the nucleopolyhedrovirus Baculovirus anticarsia (AgMNPV), widely used by the Brazilian agriculturists in the last 3 decades. In light of the current economic importance of the soybean crop for Brazil and considering the damages caused by the velvetbean caterpillar, this review was aimed at autlining the main aspects of the biology and the defense mechanisms of this insect, as well as its biocontrol by AgMNPV.

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          Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity.

          The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral and cellular defense responses. Humoral defenses include antimicrobial peptides, the cascades that regulate coagulation and melanization of hemolymph, and the production of reactive intermediates of oxygen and nitrogen. Cellular defenses refer to hemocyte-mediated responses like phagocytosis and encapsulation. In this review, we discuss the cellular immune responses of insects with emphasis on studies in Lepidoptera and Diptera. Insect hemocytes originate from mesodermally derived stem cells that differentiate into specific lineages identified by morphology, function, and molecular markers. In Lepidoptera, most cellular defense responses involve granular cells and plasmatocytes, whereas in Drosophila they involve primarily plasmatocytes and lamellocytes. Insect hemocytes recognize a variety of foreign targets as well as alterations to self. Both humoral and cell surface receptors are involved in these recognition events. Once a target is recognized as foreign, hemocyte-mediated defense responses are regulated by signaling factors and effector molecules that control cell adhesion and cytotoxicity. Several lines of evidence indicate that humoral and cellular defense responses are well-coordinated with one another. Cross-talk between the immune and nervous system may also play a role in regulating inflammation-like responses in insects during infection.
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            Cellular immune response to parasite infection in the Drosophila lymph gland is developmentally regulated.

            The mechanisms by which an organism becomes immune competent during its development are largely unknown. When infected by eggs of parasitic wasps, Drosophila larvae mount a complex cellular immune reaction in which specialized host blood cells, lamellocytes and crystal cells, are activated and recruited to build a capsule around the parasite egg to block its development. Here, we report that parasitization by the wasp Leptopilina boulardi leads to a dramatic increase in the number of both lamellocytes and crystal cells in the Drosophila larval lymph gland. Furthermore, a limited burst of mitosis follows shortly after infection, suggesting that both cell division and differentiation of lymph gland hemocytes are required for encapsulation. These changes, observed in the lymph glands of third-instar, but never of second-instar hosts, are almost always accompanied by dispersal of the anterior lobes themselves. To confirm a link between host development and immune competence, we infected mutant hosts in which development is blocked during larval or late larval stages. We found that, in genetic backgrounds where ecdysone levels are low (ecdysoneless) or ecdysone signaling is blocked (nonpupariating allele of the transcription factor broad), the encapsulation response is severely compromised. In the third-instar ecdysoneless hosts, postinfection mitotic amplification in the lymph glands is absent and there is a reduction in crystal cell maturation and postinfection circulating lamellocyte concentration. These results suggest that an ecdysone-activated pathway potentiates precursors of effector cell types to respond to parasitization by proliferation and differentiation. We propose that, by affecting a specific pool of hematopoietic precursors, this pathway thus confers immune capacity to third-instar larvae. (C)2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
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              The Insects

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aib
                Arquivos do Instituto Biológico
                Arq. Inst. Biol.
                Instituto Biológico (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0020-3653
                1808-1657
                July 2004
                : 71
                : 3
                : 391-398
                Affiliations
                [1] Londrina Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Londrina orgdiv1Departamento de Histologia Brazil angefal@ 123456uel.br
                Article
                S1808-16572004000300391 S1808-1657(04)07100300391
                10.1590/1808-1657v71p3912004
                9a9b773f-1702-49dd-9e5c-ee621e1a3c48

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 September 2004
                : 24 August 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigo de Revisão

                Anticarsia gemmatalis,Hemocytes,Baculovirus anticarsia,biological control.,Hemócitos,controle biológico.

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