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      Micetismos: Parte 1: Síndromes con período de latencia tardía Translated title: Mushroom poisonings: Part 1: late-onset syndromes Translated title: Intoxicações por cogumelos: Parte 1: Síndromes com tempo de latência tardia

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          Abstract

          Los hongos son de valor nutricional, organoléptico y comercial, pero también contienen sustancias tóxicas que dan lugar a micetismos, cuyo tratamiento requiere el conocimiento del toxíndrome para poder lograr el tratamiento adecuado. En esta serie de cuatro artículos se clasifican los micetismos en base al período de latencia, que es el tiempo transcurrido desde la ingestión hasta la aparición de los síntomas, en intoxicaciones tardías, demoradas o retrasadas y tempranas o precoces. En esta parte 1 se analizan los siguientes síndromes con latencia tardía: a) Hepatotóxico o por ciclopéptidos (micetismo por amatoxinas). b) Nefrotóxico (micetismo por Amanitas nefrotóxicas). c) Eritromelalgia (micetismo por especies de Clitocybe). d) Neurotóxico epileptogénico (micetismo por giromitrina). e) Cerebeloso (micetismo por Morchella spp.). f) Encefalopático o neurotóxico tardío (micetismo por Hapalopilus rutilans). La toxicidad tardía engloba los síndromes potencialmente más graves, cuyos síntomas surgen entre 6 y 24 horas después de la ingestión. Para cada síndrome se da a conocer el tiempo de latencia, la sintomatología, las toxinas y el mecanismo de acción (cuando se conocen), y por último las especies de macromicetos involucradas. A veces, si es necesario, se discute la toxicodinamia y las metodologías de análisis. En la última sección se discuten los tratamientos generales, y más en detalle, los tratamientos para contrarrestar los micetismos debidos a amatoxinas y a giromitrina, que han sido los más estudiados de todos los analizados en esta parte 1. Esta información es considerada de valor para el conocimiento de los bioquímicos clínicos, así como de médicos toxicólogos y personal de salud de unidades de emergencia.

          Translated abstract

          Mushrooms are of nutritional, organoleptic and commercial value, but they also contain toxic substances that give rise to the so-called mushroom poisoning (mycetism), whose medical management requires knowledge of the toxin in order to achieve the appropriate therapy. In this series of three articles, mushroom toxidromes are classified based on the latency period, which is the time elapsed from ingestion to the onset of the symptoms, in late, delayed-, and early-onset intoxications. In this part 1, the following late-onset syndromes are analyzed: (a) Hepatotoxicity or cyclopeptide syndrome due to amatoxins. (b) Nephrotoxicity or Amanita nephrotoxic syndrome. (c) Erythromelalgia (mycetism due to Clitocybe species). (d) Epileptogenic neurotoxicity or gyromitrinic syndrome. (e) Cerebellar syndrome due to Morchella spp. and (f) Late encephalopathic or neurotoxic syndrome due to Hapalopilus rutilans. Late toxicity comprises potentially more severe syndromes, whose symptoms appear between 6 and 24 hours after ingestion. For each syndrome, latency time, symptomatology, toxins, and the mechanism of action (when known) are analyzed, together with the species of macromycetes involved. Sometimes, if necessary, toxicodynamics and methodologies of analysis are displayed. The last section discusses in general mushroom poisoning management, and in detail, the therapy to counteract mycetism due to amatoxins and gyromitrin, which have been the most widely studied of all mushroom poisonings analyzed in this part 1. This information is considered valuable for the knowledge of clinical biochemists, as well as of medical toxicologists, and health staff of emergency units.

          Translated abstract

          Os cogumelos são de valor nutricional, organoléptico e comercial, mas também contêm substâncias tóxicas que dão origem às intoxicações por cogumelos (micetismos), cujo tratamento requer o conhecimento da toxíndrome a fim de alcançar a terapia apropriada. Nessa série de três artigos, as intoxicações por cogumelos são classificadas com base no período de latência, que é o tempo decorrido desde a ingestão até o início dos sintomas, em intoxicações tardias, demoradas ou retardadas e precoces. Nessa parte 1, são analisadas as seguintes síndromes de latência tardia: (a) Hepatotóxica ou por ciclopeptídeos (intoxicações por amatoxinas). (b) Nefrotóxica (intoxicação por Amanitas nefrotóxicas). (c) Eritromelalgia (micetismo por espécies de Clitocybe). (d) Neurotóxica epileptogênica (intoxicação por giromitrina). (e) Cerebelar (intoxicação por Morchella spp. f) Encefalopática ou neurotóxica tardia (micetismo por Hapalopilus rutilans. Toxicidade tardia abrange as síndromes potencialmente mais graves, cujos sintomas aparecem entre 6 e 24 horas após a ingestão. Para cada síndrome, o tempo de latência, a sintomatologia, as toxinas e o mecanismo de ação (quando conhecidos) são dados a conhecer, juntamente com as espécies de macromicetos envolvidos. Às vezes, se necessário, a toxicodinâmica e as metodologias de análise são discutidas. A seção final discute os tratamentos gerais e, mais detalhadamente, os tratamentos para a abordagem terapêutica dos micetismos por amatoxinas e giromitrina, que têm sido os mais estudados de todos os analisados nessa parte 1. Essa informação é considerada de valor para o conhecimento dos bioquímicos clínicos, bem como para médicos toxicologistas e pessoal de saúde das unidades de emergência.

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          Most cited references136

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          Orally Absorbed Cyclic Peptides.

          Peptides and proteins are not orally bioavailable in mammals, although a few peptides are intestinally absorbed in small amounts. Polypeptides are generally too large and polar to passively diffuse through lipid membranes, while most known active transport mechanisms facilitate cell uptake of only very small peptides. Systematic evaluations of peptides with molecular weights above 500 Da are needed to identify parameters that influence oral bioavailability. Here we describe 125 cyclic peptides containing four to thirty-seven amino acids that are orally absorbed by mammals. Cyclization minimizes degradation in the gut, blood, and tissues by removing cleavable N- and C-termini and by shielding components from metabolic enzymes. Cyclization also folds peptides into bioactive conformations that determine exposure of polar atoms to solvation by water and lipids and therefore can influence oral bioavailability. Key chemical properties thought to influence oral absorption and bioavailability are analyzed, including molecular weight, octanol-water partitioning, hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, rotatable bonds, and polar surface area. The cyclic peptides violated to different degrees all of the limits traditionally considered to be important for oral bioavailability of drug-like small molecules, although fewer hydrogen bond donors and reduced flexibility generally favored oral absorption.
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            Millisecond dynamics of RNA polymerase II translocation at atomic resolution.

            Transcription is a central step in gene expression, in which the DNA template is processively read by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), synthesizing a complementary messenger RNA transcript. At each cycle, Pol II moves exactly one register along the DNA, a process known as translocation. Although X-ray crystal structures have greatly enhanced our understanding of the transcription process, the underlying molecular mechanisms of translocation remain unclear. Here we use sophisticated simulation techniques to observe Pol II translocation on a millisecond timescale and at atomistic resolution. We observe multiple cycles of forward and backward translocation and identify two previously unidentified intermediate states. We show that the bridge helix (BH) plays a key role accelerating the translocation of both the RNA:DNA hybrid and transition nucleotide by directly interacting with them. The conserved BH residues, Thr831 and Tyr836, mediate these interactions. To date, this study delivers the most detailed picture of the mechanism of Pol II translocation at atomic level.
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              Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (Morchella) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic.

              True morels (Morchella, Ascomycota) are arguably the most highly-prized of the estimated 1.5 million fungi that inhabit our planet. Field guides treat these epicurean macrofungi as belonging to a few species with cosmopolitan distributions, but this hypothesis has not been tested. Prompted by the results of a growing number of molecular studies, which have shown many microbes exhibit strong biogeographic structure and cryptic speciation, we constructed a 4-gene dataset for 177 members of the Morchellaceae to elucidate their origin, evolutionary diversification and historical biogeography. Diversification time estimates place the origin of the Morchellaceae in the middle Triassic 243.63 (95% highest posterior density [HPD] interval: 169.35-319.89) million years ago (Mya) and the divergence of Morchella from its closest relatives in the early Cretaceous 129.61 (95% HPD interval: 90.26-173.16) Mya, both within western North America. Phylogenetic analyses identified three lineages within Morchella: a basal monotypic lineage represented by Morchella rufobrunnea, and two sister clades comprising the black morels (Elata Clade, 26 species) and yellow morels (Esculenta Clade, 16 species). Morchella possesses a Laurasian distribution with 37/41 species restricted to the Holarctic. All 33 Holarctic species represented by multiple collections exhibited continental endemism. Moreover, 16/18 North American and 13/15 Eurasian species appeared to exhibit provincialism. Although morel fruit bodies produce thousands of explosively discharged spores that are well suited to aerial dispersal, our results suggest that they are poorly adapted at invading novel niches. Morels also appear to have retained the ancestral fruit body plan, which has remained remarkably static since the Cretaceous. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abcl
                Acta bioquímica clínica latinoamericana
                Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam.
                Federación Bioquímica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                0325-2957
                1851-6114
                December 2018
                : 52
                : 4
                : 459-487
                Affiliations
                [01] Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín orgdiv2Área Hematología Argentina
                [03] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín orgdiv2División Alergia e Inmunología
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Cátedra 2 (Inmunología)
                Article
                S0325-29572018000400009
                9ab1361e-1176-4dd2-a41d-a05cef525e37

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 July 2018
                : 29 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 170, Pages: 29
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Toxicología

                Mycetism,Classification,Latency period,Toxidromes,Late-onset syndromes,Toxins,Action mechanisms,Treatments,Micetismos,Clasificación,Período de latencia,Toxíndromes,Síndrome con latencia tardía,Toxinas,Mecanismos de acción,Tratamientos,Micetismo (intoxicação por cogumelos),Classificação,Tempo de latência,Síndrome com tempo de latência tardia,Mecanismos de ação,Tratamentos

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