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      New Alcamide and Anti-oxidant Activity of Pilosocereus gounellei A. Weber ex K. Schum. Bly. ex Rowl. (Cactaceae)

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          Abstract

          The Cactaceae family is composed by 124 genera and about 1438 species. Pilosocereus gounellei, popularly known in Brazil as xique-xique, is used in folk medicine to treat prostate inflammation, gastrointestinal and urinary diseases. The pioneering phytochemical study of P. gounellei was performed using column chromatography and HPLC, resulting in the isolation of 10 substances: pinostrobin ( 1), β-sitosterol ( 2), a mixture of sitosterol 3- O-β- d-glucopyranoside/stigmasterol 3- O-β- d-glucopyranoside ( 3a/ 3b), 13 2-hydroxyphaeophytin a ( 4), phaeophytin a ( 5), a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol ( 6a/ 6b), kaempferol ( 7), quercetin ( 8), 7′-ethoxy- trans-feruloyltyramine (mariannein, 9) and trans-feruloyl tyramine ( 10). Compound 9 is reported for the first time in the literature. The structural characterization of the compounds was performed by analyses of 1-D and 2-D NMR data. In addition, a phenolic and flavonol total content assay was carried out, and the anti-oxidant potential of P. gounellei was demonstrated.

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          Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?

          Robert J P Williams, Jeremy Spencer, Catherine Rice-Evans (2004)
          Many studies are accumulating that report the neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and chemopreventive actions of dietary flavonoids. While there has been a major focus on the antioxidant properties, there is an emerging view that flavonoids, and their in vivo metabolites, do not act as conventional hydrogen-donating antioxidants but may exert modulatory actions in cells through actions at protein kinase and lipid kinase signalling pathways. Flavonoids, and more recently their metabolites, have been reported to act at phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signalling cascades. Inhibitory or stimulatory actions at these pathways are likely to affect cellular function profoundly by altering the phosphorylation state of target molecules and by modulating gene expression. A clear understanding of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids, either as antioxidants or modulators of cell signalling, and the influence of their metabolism on these properties are key to the evaluation of these potent biomolecules as anticancer agents, cardioprotectants, and inhibitors of neurodegeneration
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            Antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method

            Rodrigo Scherer, Helena Teixeira Godoy (2009)
            Article 0 comments Cited 135 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The Use of Biological Assays to Evaluate Botanicals

              J McLaughlin, L L Rogers, Lindsey Anderson (1998)
              Article 0 comments Cited 80 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Derek J. McPhee: Role: Academic Editor
                John A. Beutler: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2015
                Publication date Collection: January 2016
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Post-Graduation Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil; jksmaciel@ 123456hotmail.com (J.K.S.M.); yannateles@ 123456gmail.com (Y.C.F.T.); temilce@ 123456gmail.com (T.S.A.)
                [2 ]Post-Graduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900 Brazil; otemberg_sc@ 123456yahoo.com.br (O.S.C.); severinogfilho@ 123456yahoo.com.br (S.G.B.F.); marianne.guedes@ 123456gmail.com (M.G.F.)
                [3 ]Health Science Centre, Physiology and Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, Cidade Universitária—João Pessoa, PB, 58059-900, Brazil
                [4 ]Department of Agroecology and Agriculture, Center of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Paraiba State, 351 Baraúnas Street, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-500, Brazil; pedrodantasfernandes@ 123456gmail.com (P.D.F.); albericio3@ 123456gmail.com (A.P.A.); lpfelix@ 123456hotmail.com (L.P.F.)
                [5 ]Postgraduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Department of Molecular Sciences, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil; sarmentosilva@ 123456gmail.com (T.M.S.S.); quinathi@ 123456gmail.com (N.S.M.R.); girlianeregina@ 123456gmail.com (G.R.S.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence: mfvanderlei@ 123456ltf.ufpb.br ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7351; Fax: +55-83-3216-7511
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-21-00011
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010011
                PMC ID: 6273011
                PubMed ID: 26703549
                SO-VID: 9ab46ad8-38ad-4833-9865-7f297de816a8
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 October 2015
                Date accepted : 10 December 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: pilosocereus gounellei,7′-ethoxy-trans-feruloyltyramine,anti-oxidant activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: pilosocereus gounellei, 7′-ethoxy-trans-feruloyltyramine, anti-oxidant activity

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